paraphrase and avoid AI patterns: Infectious epididymitis, often caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like *Chlamydia trachomatis* or *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* in younger men, is treated with antibiotics targeting these organisms. In older men, *E. coli* is more common, requiring broader-spectrum antibiotics. Non-infectious causes, such as trauma or autoimmune conditions, are managed with supportive care like rest, NSAIDs, and scrotal elevation. Additional testing or imaging, such as scrotal ultrasound with Doppler, is necessary when testicular torsiona surgical emergencymust be ruled out. Key factors prompting imaging include sudden onset of severe pain, absent cremasteric reflex, and unilateral swelling without signs of infection (e.g., fever or pyuria)