part b:$($note$)$How does theory serve as the foundational framework in civil engineering, guiding the analysis, design, and implementation of infrastructure projects? Explore the role of theoretical principles in shaping structural engineering, transportation systems, environmental sustainability, and geotechnical engineering. Consider how theories such as structural mechanics, fluid dynamics, and materials science inform decision$-$making processes in civil engineering practices. Discuss the importance of theoretical understanding in predicting and mitigating risks associated with natural disasters and climate change impacts. Furthermore, examine how theoretical advancements drive innovation and improve the efficiency, resilience, and longevity of civil infrastructure projects on local, regional, and global scales.