Planes frequently push back from the gate on time, but then wait $2$ feet away from the gate until it is time to queue up for takeoff. This increases fuel consumption and increases the time that passengers must sit in a cramped plane awaiting takeoff. The following table shows the pay schedule for the flight crew.

Per diem pay indicates how much the flight crew earns once it checks into the airport. Holding pay indicates how much the flight crew earns after it loads the plane. Hourly wage indicates how much the flight crew earns after it pushes back from the gate and turns on the beacon.

In this scenario, who has an incentive to push back from the gate as early as possible? Check all that apply.

Captain

First officer

Passengers

Flight attendants

True or False: Reducing crew members' hourly wages after push back would reduce the incentive to push back from the gate earlier than necessary.

True

False