Planning is often called the primary management function because it offers some basis for future decision making creates the vision for the organizational members to work toward establishes the basis for all the other functions sets the tone for the organizational culture Someone who wants to settle with an opponent may be willing to place the opponent's interests above his or her own, sacrificing to maintain the relationship. We refer to this conflict-handling intention as collaborating avoiding O compromising O accommodating Leadership is the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks. Hence, leadership challenges involve the following alternatives, except one: * Accomplishing things in shorter time Avoiding high performance expectations Handling Complex & ambiguous problems Managing scarce resources is a way of enhancing self-efficacy of a person by telling the person that she or he can, or by encouraging the person to perform a task. Emotional arousal. Vicarious modeling. Verbal persuasion. O Enactive mastery. Calculate the need for action from the following information:Desired performance = 800 work unitsActual performance = 580 work units * 1380. 220. 800. 1600