Please answer all the questions!

Problem 4: Concepts a. (4 points) What is the bullwhip effect? Explain one possible cause and one possible solution for this effect. b. (4 points) What does it mean for a production system to be Just-in-Time? c. (4 points) True or False: Supply chain coordination contracts always increase the quantity produced (i.e., sent from the supplier to the retailer). (Remember to justify your choice. You will not get points for simply saying True/False) d. (4 points) Suppose that you are the quality manager of the batteries used by Apple phones. Based on the samples you took, the average battery duration is 22 hours, with standard deviation 3 hours. Based on the specifications of the product, the lower and upper tolerable limits are 20 and 30 hours. What is the process capability index? And what should you do to become 3-sigma? e. (4 points) Suppose you are selling UTD's newspapers, and you have to decide how much to order. Suppose that in your calculations you obtain that your overage cost is equal to zero, and you know that demand takes values between 0 and 100 . How much should you order