Please explain and elaborate:

Case 1:

To measure the extent of cigarette smoking around the world, random samples of adults in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were drawn. Each was asked whether he or she smoked (O=No and 1 = Yes). Can we conclude that there are differences in smoking between the four Scandinavian countries? Is this a test of comparison or a test of relationship? Provide the statement in the problem supporting your answer

Case 2:

To measure the extent of cigarette smoking around the word, random samples of adults in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were drawn. Each was asked whether he or she smoked. (O=No and 1= Yes). Can we conclude that there are differences in smoking between the four Scandinavian countries? What is the test variable? What is the grouping variables (specify if independent or related measures)? What is the most appropriate inferential tool?

Case 3

To measure the extent of cigarette smoking around the world, random samples of adults in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were drawn. Each was asked whether he or she smoked. (0=No and 1= Yes). Can we conclude that there are differences in smoking between the four Scandinavian countries ? Formulate the null & alternative hypotheses in operation manner as well as numerical manner.

Case 4

To measure the extent of cigarette smoking around the world random samples of adults in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were drawn. Each was asked whether he or she smoked. (0=No and 1=Yes) Can we conclude that there are differences in smoking between the four Scandinavian countries? If the p-value is 0.61. Formulate the statistical decision as well as the statistical conclusion.

For the statistical decision, kindly provide the basis or justification.