Please help me figure out the highlighted sections in yellow( NET INCOME). I must use a formula, this is new to me and I'm struggling so much.

A company had the following assets and liabilities at the beginning and end of this year. Determine ne 2 income or net loss for the business during the year for each of the above separate cases: a. Owner made no investments in the business, and no dividends were paid during the year. b. Owner made no investments in the business, and dividends paid were $15,000 during the year. c. No dividends were paid during the year, but the owner did invest an additional $55,000 cash in 10 exchange for common stock. d. Dividends paid were $15,000 during the year, and the owner did invest an additional $35,000 cash 11 near year-end in exchange for common stock