PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING CASE STUDY AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THATFOLLOW:Sweeping water permit violations at mines across SAOXPECKERS Investigative Environmental JournalismPosted on $17$ May, $2019($New data reveals a radical increase in the number of mines flouting water regulations. Mark Olalde &Andiswa Matikinca investigate$)$New statistics released in Parliament show $118$ mines around South Africa are polluting localrivers, inadequately testing for contamination or otherwise dirtying South Africa$$s waterways.Violators are spread across every province and include major corporations such as AngloGoldAshanti, De Beers, Glencore and Anglo American Platinum.In response to parliamentary questions posed, the minister released the data showing thatduring $2017/18$ more than $15\%$ of the $712$ mines licensed to use or to impact water sources hadfailed to comply with the water use permits stipulating the conditions of the usage.Asked what steps are taken to address the deficiencies, the minister responded: $$Thedepartment continues to intensify activities to protect the water resources as mandated by theNational Water Act. The department investigates identified as well as reported non$-$compliances regularly.$$Even though mines are a part of our economy, we need to find a balance between just gettingthe profits out of the ground and leaving nature spoiled and people who live there becomingsick.$$Coalfields impactsThe data set released by the minister uncovered a wide range of permit violations: pollutedwater discharged directly into the environment, waste piles contaminating groundwater, unlinedwaste water retention ponds, oil spills, insufficient monitoring, excessive dewatering of theunderground void and inadequate record$-$keeping.As climate change continues to worsen South Africa$$s water security, the mining industry$$snumber of water$-$related infractions is rising. In $2017/18,$ the department found $10$ more minessignificantly out of compliance with their water use permits than the year before and $38$ morethan in $2015/16.$Saul Roux, science and policy specialist at the Centre for Environmental Rights, said acid minedrainage poses mining$$s largest threat to clean water resources. Coal mining on the Highveldoverlaps with significant portions of the country$$s $22$ designated strategic water source areas,which provide $60\%$ of all South Africans with water.Company responsesThe companies$$ responses to the data depicted disorganisation in the government bureaucracythat polices them. The department only had $35$ compliance and enforcement officials to coverthe entire country in recent years, according to a report by the South African Water Caucus, agroup of NGOs and unions set up to study water use.Court action

With water pollution continuing unchecked, environmental activists have taken to the courts inan attempt to protect water resources in both the coalfields and gold$-$mining basins. MarietteLiefferink, chief executive of the Federation for a Sustainable Environment, told Oxpeckers hergroup is in the process of filing litigation against the ministers of water and sanitation and ofminerals, among other parties.A parliamentary inquiry revealed late last year that the government allowed mining to continueat Mintails after mine waste spilled into nearby waterways, that unfunded environmentalliabilities topped R$460-$million and that children drowned in open mining pits.Mintails was less than $25\%$ compliant with its water use licence in $2015/16,$ according to therecent data released in Parliament.$($This article is an edited version of the original, and has been produced as a case study entirely foracademic$/$educational purposes. It is not intended for use beyond the requirements of the course.$)$QUESTIONS:$1.$ Clarify the following concepts with reference to facts in the case study:a$)$ Ethicsb$)$ Corporate Citizenshipc$)$ Sustainable Developmentd$)$ Corporate Social Responsibility$5$x$4=(20)2.$ Critically discuss how King IV$$s Principle $2$: Organisational Ethics could lead to improvedgovernance at mining companies. $(5)3.$ Explain how mining companies could incorporate the triple bottom line as a measure ofperformance. $(6)4.$ Evaluate any two perspectives that could shape future ethical conduct of non$-$compliant miningcompanies. $3$x$2=(6)5.$ Briefly discuss how the unethical conduct of mining companies could have affected any two oftheir stakeholders. $3$x$2=(6)6.$ Based on your reading of the case study, advise the non$-$compliant mining companies onan ethical model$/$approach to address their violations.$(8)7.$ Critically discuss the managerial competency of global awareness that non$-$compliant miningcompanies must rely on to assist them in their decision$-$making process.