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Thesis Statement:

"Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa is driven by economic, political, and environmental challenges, making North Africa a key destination and transit hub that requires humane and effective policy solutions."

Introduction:

Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa has become a major and complex issue. It is driven by economic, political, and environmental challenges, with North Africa acting as both a destination and a transit point to Europe. Understanding this trend is essential for addressing social, economic, humanitarian, and policy challenges, and for developing effective and humane migration strategies.

Part One: Roots and Underlying Causes

Chapter one: Historical Context of African Migration

• Patterns of migration in pre-colonial Africa.
• The transformations introduced during the colonial era.
• Shifts in migration dynamics following independence movements.

Chapter Two: Push Factors Driving Migration

• Economic fragility, unemployment, and lack of opportunities.
• Political instability, conflicts, and internal displacement.
• Environmental degradation and the effects of climate change.
• Deficiencies in education, healthcare, and basic infrastructure.

Chapter three: Pull Factors in North Africa and Beyond

• North Africa's strategic location as a gateway to Europe.
• Economic prospects and the pursuit of personal security.
• The European dream and its influence on migrant aspirations.
• The role of migration networks and smuggling routes in facilitating movement.

Part Two: Present Realities and Migrants' Challenges

Chapter Four: Migration Routes and Transit Corridors

• Major routes crossing the Sahara Desert.
• Principal transit and destination countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt.
• Humanitarian and geographical risks encountered along the journey.

Chapter Five: Living Conditions of Migrants in North Africa

• Access to housing, employment, and daily necessities.
• Experiences of discrimination, racism, and violence.
• Vulnerabilities of women and children in migration contexts.
• Humanitarian responses and the contribution of civil society organizations.

Chapter Six: Legal and Policy Frameworks Governing Migration

• National laws and migration management strategies in North African states.
• Regional cooperation between North Africa and the European Union.
• The involvement of international institutions such as the IOM and UNHCR.

Chapter Seven: Socio-Economic Dimensions of Migration

• Migrants' role in supporting local economies and informal labor markets.
• The impact of remittances on countries of origin.
• Cultural exchange, diversity, and the reshaping of social identities.
• Emerging tensions and challenges of social integration.

Part Three: Case Studies and Future Outlook

Chapter Eight: Humanitarian and Security Dimensions

• Networks of human trafficking and irregular migration.
• Detention centers, deportation practices, and legal violations.
• Human suffering and abuses along borders and transit points.
• International and regional initiatives to mitigate the crisis.

Chapter Nine: Comparative Case Studies

• The Moroccan experience: integration policies and migrants' rights.
• The Libyan experience: violence, exploitation, and governance issues.
• A comparative perspective on migration management in both countries.

Chapter Ten: Public Perceptions and social reactions in North African Societies: the case of Morocco toward Sub-Saharan African Migration

Conclusion and Policy Recommendations

• Summary of the principal findings.
• Key challenges facing Sub-Saharan migrants in North Africa.
• Proposed measures for improving migration governance and human protection.
• Future perspectives for inter-African and global cooperation on migration.