Policymaking as a process policymaking can be seen as a process - how polices are made in a step-by-step sequence; but in reality these processes overlap intertwine.

 

Process Problem identification Agenda setting Policy formulation Policy legitimation Policy implementation Policy evaluation Activity Publicizing societal problems Expressing demands for Government action Deciding what issues will be decide, what problems will be addressed by government Developing policy proposals to resolve issues and ameliorate problems Selection a proposal Developing political support for it Enacting into law Deciding on its constitutionality 4 Organizing departments and agencies Providing payment or services Levying taxes Reporting outputs of government programs Evaluating impact of policies on target and non-target groups Proposing changes and "reforms" Participants Mass media interest groups Citizen initiatives Public opinion 1 Elites, including president congress Candidates for elective office Mass media Think tanks President and executive office Congressional committees Interest groups Interest groups President Congress courts President and white house staff Executive departments and agencies Executive departments and agencies Congressional oversight committees Mass media Think tanks