Prepare a memo to management that explains how and why data analysis is used in the various stages of the audit process, including the risk assessment stage, the determination of sampling method and audit universe, the substantive procedures stage, and the end of the audit.

Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:

1. Risk Assessment Stage: Explain how and why data analysis is used at the risk assessment stage of the audit process.

2. Determination of sampling method and audit universe: Explain how data analysis is used in the determination of sampling method and audit universe.

3. Substantive procedures stage: Explain how and why data analysis is used at the substantive procedures stage of the audit.

4. End of audit: Explain how and why data analysis is used near the end of an audit.