PROBLEM $462$ ##

What are the foundational theories in civil engineering that serve as the bedrock for understanding and designing infrastructure? These theories encompass principles of structural mechanics, material science, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering. They underpin the analysis and design of bridges, buildings, dams, roads, and other essential infrastructure. Understanding these theories is crucial for ensuring the safety, durability, and functionality of civil engineering projects, as they provide the framework for assessing loads, stresses, and environmental impacts on structures.