Problem: Ethics in Business Catherine recently became the divisional controller of the Security Systems Division of Good Products. She was asked to develop the division's predetermined overhead rate for the upcoming year. The accuracy of the rate is important because it is used throughout the year and any underapplied or overapplied overhead is closed out to Cost of Goods Sold at the end of the year. Good Products uses direct labor-hours in all of its divisions as the allocation base for manufacturing overhead. To compute the predetermined overhead rate, Catherine divided her estimate of the total manufacturing overhead for the coming year by the production manager's estimate of the total direct labor-hours for the coming year. She took her computations to the division's general manager for approval but was quite surprised when he suggested a modification in the base. Her conversation with the general manager of the Security Systems Division, Ronald West, went like this: Catherine: Here are my calculations for next year's predetermined overhead rate. If you approve, we can enter the rate into the computer on January 1 and be up and running in the job-order costing system right away this year. Ronald: Thanks for coming up with the calculations so quickly, and they look just fine. There is, however, one slight modification I would like to see. Your estimate of the total direct labor-hours for the year is 440,000 hours. How about cutting that to about 420,000 hours? Catherine: I don't know if I can do that. The production manager says she will need about 440,000 direct labor-hours to meet the sales projections for the year. Besides, there are going to be over 430,000 direct labor-hours during the current year and sales are projected to be higher next year. Ronald: Catherine, I know all of that. I would still like to reduce the direct labor-hours in the base to something like 420,000 hours. You probably don't know that I had an agreement with your predecessor as divisional controller to shave 5% or so off the estimated direct labor-hours every year. That way, we kept a reserve that usually resulted in a big boost to net operating income at the end of the fiscal year in December. We called it our Christmas bonus. Corporate headquarters always seemed as pleased as punch that we could pull off such a miracle at the end of the year. This system has worked well for many years, and I don't want to change it now. Required: (1) What are the ethical issues in this case? (2) Identify the parties whose interests were affected by shaving 5% off the estimated direct labor-hours in the allocation base for predetermined overhead rate. (3) In what ways which the individuals were affected by the untrue and unfair disclosure/financial reporting? (4) In what ways which Good Products's interest was affected? (5) According to the IMA's Statement of Ethical Professional Practice, would it be ethical for Catherine to reduce the direct labor-hours in the allocation base to 420,000 hours? Which areas of the IMA's Statement are violated? (6) What alternative ethical actions could Catherine take in this situation? (7) What is your proposed solution