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30. Contingency plans can be based on: a. the project manager's past experience b. the advice of experts c. the project manager's aversion to risk d. all of the above 31. Which of the following areas are addressed in risk identification? a. Technical b. Environmental c. Legal d. All of the above 32. Which of the following is not a method for identifying risks? a. Systems engineering documents b. Life-cycle cost analysis c. Work breakdown decomposition d. Pareto charts 33. Since risk is associated with most projects, the best course of action is to: a. cover all project risks by buying appropriate insurance b. avoid projects with clear and present risks c. eliminate all known risks prior to the execution phase of the project d. identify various risks and implement actions to mitigate their potential impact 34. Which of the following elements of project management is perceived as the dark side of a project? a. quality management b. integration management c. risk management d. monitoring and controlling 35. Uncertainty refers to a situation where: a. the outcomes are known but their probabilities are high b. the outcomes and their probabilities are known c. neither the outcomes nor their probabilities are known d. probabilities of various states of nature can change at any time 36. During which phase of a project is the uncertainty the greatest? a. Design phase b. Development/execution phase c. Concept phase d. Any phase 37. If the data resulting from a project is normally distributed, the resulting plot of the data will be: a. skewed to the left of the mean b. equally distributed around the mean c. skewed to the right of the mean d. none of the above