Project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) is a collection of 170 researchers from 62 cultures who have studied 17,300 managers in 951 organizations since 1991. The main purpose of Project GLOBE is to examine the impact of culture on the effectiveness of various leader attributes, behaviors, and practices. In pursing that goal, project researchers asked managers to rate the values held within their organizations and within their societies. That research identified nine different dimensions that are used to summarize cultures within Project GLOBE. Some of those dimensions can be viewed as replications of Hofstede's work. For example, Project GLOBE identified both power distance and uncertainty avoidance as key dimensions of cultural values. The project also identified collectivism, though it was differentiated into institutional collectivism (where formalized practices encourage collective action and collective distribution of resources) and ingroup collectivism. Awareness of such cultural variations is critical, given that those differences can influence reactions to change, conflict management styles, negotiation approaches, and reward preferences, just to name a few. Failing to understand those differences can compromise the effectiveness of multinational groups and organizations. Such problems are particularly likely if employees are high in ethnocentrism, defined as a propensity to view one's own cultural values as "right" and those of other cultures as "wrong."

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