PSYC 354 HOMEWORK 3 Central Tendency and Variability When submitting this file, be sure the filename includes your full name, course and section. Example: HW3_JohnDoe_354B01 Be sure you have reviewed this module/week's lesson and presentations along with the practice data analysis before proceeding to the homework exercises. Complete all analyses in SPSS, then copy and paste your output and graphs into your homework document file. Answer any written questions (such as the text-based questions or the APA Participants section) in the appropriate place within the same file. Part I: Concepts Questions 1-7 These questions are based on the Nolan and Heinzen reading and end-of-chapter questions. Questions 1-4 Fill in the highlighted blanks to answer/complete the statements. 1 ) Another name for the arithmetic average of a set of numbers is the _mean_______. What is an outlier? 2) __An observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population.______ 3 ) Which measure of central tendency is most likely to be adversely affected by outliers? 4 ) We compute standard deviation by taking the __square root______ of the variance. __variance______ Question 5a-5d For the following terms, write the equivalent mathematical symbol (letter or letters) for the sample statistic. 5-a) Score: RX 5-b) Mean: M Page 1 of 7 PSYC 354 5-c) Standard deviation: SD2 & s2 5-d) Number of participants in sample: 1 Question 6a-6c These are the scores of eleven patients on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI ). Scores can range from 0 to 63. 1 2 19 11 23 16 15 27 25 52 13 14 6-a) What is the mean of the scores? (Compute this using a calculator): Answer 20.636363636364 6-b) What is the median of these scores? Answer 16 6-c ) Compare the mean and median. Does the difference between them suggest that the data are skewed very much? Explain. Answer The data is skewed, I would say by a considerable amount. Explanation/ Justification The mean is the average so it may be more accurate, data wise, to take the mean over the median since it is not very lose to the mean in this case. Page 2 of 7 PSYC 354 Question 7a- 7f At this website, (http://projects.newyorker.com/story/subway/) you will find an interactive graph concerning New York City's geography and income. Read the introduction and click on different \"subway lines\" to see how the interactive graph works. Note that the abbreviations stand for the four different boroughs: MAN = Manhattan BRX = Bronx BRK = Brooklyn QNS = Queens Also note that hovering your mouse over the dots on the graph displays the subway stop and the median income of households in that area. 7-a) In which of the four boroughs is the median household income highest? (This is made evident as you click on the different lines.) Answer Manhattan 7-b) Click on the \"A\" line. Does the line graph for Manhattan show high or low variability? What does this level of variability tell us about the household income in this area of Manhattan? Answer The line graph for Manhattan shows high variability. Answer The level of variability tells us that the household income of this area of Manhattan varies drastically. It shows that some households may be living at poverty level for the cost of living in this area. It also could mean that the career paths chosen by heads of households are also extremely variable. 7-c) Click on Line 6. Though both boroughs depicted show some variability, which borough (not a street) shows the most variability in median household income? Answer Manhattan 7-d) On Line 3, find the following two subway stops: New Lots Ave. (the first of the Brooklyn stops) and Park Place (the first of the highest stops in Manhattan). What is the difference (calculate) between the median household incomes of the two areas? Answer 159,423 7-e) Click on the \"F\" line. Which subway stop in Brooklyn seems to be an outlier? Answer York St. 7-f) Based on this module/week's reading, why do you think the author of this graph chose the median household income instead of the mean household income to describe central tendency? Answer I think the author chose the median because it's more consistent and represents the average of all house holds and resembles less of a variance per stop. Page 3 of 7 PSYC 354 Part II: SPSS Analysis Green and Salkind Course Text, Lesson 21: Exercises 1, 4, 7, and 8 Questions 1 and 4 o Green and Salkind Text, Lesson 21 o Lesson 21 Exercise File 1 (located under course's Assignment Instructions folder) Part II: Exercises 1a-1d and Exercise 4 Green and Salkind, Lesson 21, Exercises 1 and 4 ( do not complete numbers 2 or 3) Open \"Lesson 21 Exercise File 1\" in order to complete these exercises. David collects anxiety scores from 15 college students who visit the university health center during finals week: 1) Compute descriptive statistics on the anxiety scores. From the output, identify the following: a. Skewness b. Mean c. Standard deviation d. Kurtosis Answer: SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for Anxiety Scores (paste Table in this cell) 1-a) Skewness: Answer 1-b) Mean: Answer 1-c) Standard deviation: Answer 1-d) Kurtosis: Answer Create a histogram to show the distribution of the anxiety scores. 4) Edit the graph so that most of the normal curve is visible. Answer: SPSS Figure- Histogram for Anxiety Scores with Normal Curve (paste Figure in this cell) Page 4 of 7 PSYC 354 Part III: SPSS Data Entry and Analysis Data provided below. The steps will be the same as the ones you have been practicing in Part I of the assignment; the only difference is that you are now responsible for creating the data file, as well. Remember to do the following: a) Name and define your variables under the Variable View, then return to the Data View to enter the data; and b) Paste all SPSS output and graphs into your homework file at the appropriate place. Part III: Questions 1-4 The following data are based on numbers taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys from the years 2009-2013, with some modifications. They represent the average weekly pay for wage and salary earners measured at 4 different quarters each year and broken down by gender. Enter these data into a new file containing one variable for gender and one variable for salary. For the gender variable in column 1, code women as 1 and men as 2 o Remember to define these in Value Labels as covered in presentations since Module 1. o There will be twenty \"1\"s and twenty \"2\"s (as many participants as in each group). The corresponding earnings will be entered in the salary column (second column). If you need an example, look at the set-up of gender in the \"Lesson 21 Practice Data File 1\" document. Women Men 1) 649 685 825 830 654 652 675 660 667 675 668 681 671 692 676 689 683 700 692 688 688 694 818 813 831 822 851 815 816 833 827 828 833 846 837 851 868 831 881 854 In SPSS, compute descriptive statistics for each gender for these data. The necessary steps are covered in the last 3 slides of this module's SPSS tutorial. Answer- SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for Weekly Pay by Gender: (Paste one table; should include weekly pay grouped by men and women) Page 5 of 7 PSYC 354 Create a boxplot describing the average overall weekly salary for each gender. Answer- SPSS boxplot: 2) Based on these data, what is the mean weekly income for men? 3) Answer 4) What is the standard deviation of the weekly income for women? Answer Part IV: Cumulative Questions 1-4 The BDI (Beck et al., 1961) is an instrument widely used to assess levels of depression in individuals in a variety of settings. A researcher administers the BDI to a sample of college students. The results appear in the table below. 1) The scores range from 0-63 (whole numbers only). They are entered as two columns to save space (i.e., you will not need two columns in the SPSS file, only one). BDI Scores 9 10 9 5 17 3 15 20 17 62 15 12 10 4 61 61 22 15 10 11 Using SPSS, run a frequencies analysis on these scores that includes: A Frequency Table Table of Descriptive Statistics o Include measures of central tendency, dispersion/spread, and distribution. Paste the output into your homework file. Answer- SPSS Table- Frequency Table for BDI Scores: Page 6 of 7 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for BDI Scores: Create a graph to describe the data set. Justify why this graph is the best choice for these data. Answer- SPSS graph 2) Explanation/ Justification Based on your SPSS output, what is the numerical skewness value of this data 3) set? What does this value say about how the scores are distributed? Answer Explanation 4) Based on your graph and your answers above, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing this group of scores? Why? Answer Explanation/Rationale Submit Homework 3 by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 3. Remember to name file appropriately. Done! Page 7 of 7 PSYC 354 HOMEWORK 3 Central Tendency and Variability When submitting this file, be sure the filename includes your full name, course and section. Example: HW3_JohnDoe_354B01 Be sure you have reviewed this module/week's lesson and presentations along with the practice data analysisbefore proceeding to the homework exercises. Complete all analyses in SPSS, then copy and paste your output and graphs into yourhomework document file. Answer any written questions (such as the text-based questions or the APA Participants section) in the appropriate place within the same file. Part I: Concepts Questions 1-7 These questions are based on the Nolan and Heinzen reading and end-of-chapter questions. Questions 1-4 Fill in the highlighted blanks to answer/complete the statements. 1 ) Another name for the arithmetic average of a set of numbers is the _mean_______. What is an outlier? 2) __An observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population.______ 3 ) Which measure of central tendency is most likely to be adversely affected by outliers? 4 ) We compute standard deviation by taking the __square root______of the variance. __mean_____ Question 5a-5d For the following terms, write the equivalent mathematical symbol (letter or letters) for the sample statistic. 5-a) Score: 5-b) Mean: x x Page 1 of 13 PSYC 354 5-c) Standard deviation: s 5-d) Number of participants in sample: n Question 6a-6c These are the scores of eleven patients on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI ). Scores can range from 0 to 63. 1 2 19 11 23 16 15 27 25 52 13 14 6-a) What is the mean of the scores? (Compute this using a calculator): Answer20.636363636364 6-b) What is the median of these scores? Answer16 6-c ) Compare the mean and median. Does the difference between them suggest that the data are skewed very much? Explain. AnswerThe data is positively skewed, I would say by a considerable amount. Explanation/ JustificationThe mean is larger than the median. The difference between the two is very large eaning the skeweness is large Page 2 of 13 PSYC 354 Question 7a- 7f At thiswebsite, (http://projects.newyorker.com/story/subway/) you will find an interactive graph concerning New York City's geography and income. Read the introduction and click on different \"subway lines\" to see how the interactive graph works. Note that the abbreviations stand for the four different boroughs: MAN = Manhattan BRX = Bronx BRK = Brooklyn QNS = Queens Also note that hovering your mouse over the dots on the graph displays the subway stop and the median income of households in that area. 7-a)In which of the four boroughs is the median household income highest? (This is made evident as you click on the different lines.) AnswerManhattan 7-b)Click on the \"A\" line. Does the line graph for Manhattan show high or low variability? What does this level of variability tell us about the household income in this area of Manhattan? AnswerThe line graph for Manhattan shows high variability. AnswerThe level of variability tells us that the household income of this area of Manhattan varies drastically. It shows that some households may be living at poverty level for the cost of living in this area. It also could mean that the career paths chosen by heads of households are also extremely variable. 7-c) Click on Line 6. Though both boroughs depicted show some variability, which borough(not a street) shows the most variability in median household income? Answer Manhattan 7-d) On Line 3, find the following two subway stops: New Lots Ave. (the first of the Brooklyn stops) and Park Place(the first of the highest stops in Manhattan). What is the difference (calculate) between the median household incomes of the two areas? Answer 159,423 7-e)Click on the \"F\" line. Which subway stop in Brooklyn seems to be an outlier? Answer York St. 7-f)Based on this module/week's reading, why do you think the author of this graph chose the median household income instead of the mean household income to describe central tendency? Answer I think the author chose the median because it's more consistent and represents the average of all house holds and resembles less of a variance per stop. Page 3 of 13 PSYC 354 Part II: SPSS Analysis Green and Salkind Course Text, Lesson 21: Exercises 1, 4, 7, and 8 Questions 1 and 4 o Green and Salkind Text, Lesson 21 o Lesson 21 Exercise File 1 (located under course's Assignment Instructions folder) Part II: Exercises 1a-1d and Exercise 4 Green and Salkind, Lesson 21, Exercises 1and 4 ( do not complete numbers 2 or 3) Open \"Lesson 21 Exercise File 1\" in order to complete these exercises. David collects anxiety scores from 15 college students who visit the university health center during finals week: 1)Compute descriptive statistics on the anxiety scores. From the output, identify the following: a. Skewness b. Mean c. Standard deviation d. Kurtosis Answer:SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for Anxiety Scores (paste Table in this cell) Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Statistic Statistic Statistic Anxiety Scores 15 Valid N (listwise) 23.478 Statistic .416 Kurtosis Std. Error .580 Statistic Std. Error 15 1-a)Skewness: 1-b)Mean: 1-c)Standard deviation: 1-d)Kurtosis: 32.27 Skewness -1.124 1.121 0.416 32.27 23.478 -1.124 Page 4 of 13 PSYC 354 Create a histogram to show the distribution of the anxiety scores. 4) Edit the graph so that most of the normal curve is visible. Answer:SPSS Figure- Histogram for Anxiety Scores with Normal Curve (paste Figure in this cell) Page 5 of 13 PSYC 354 Part III: SPSS Data Entry and Analysis Data provided below. The steps will be the same as the ones you have been practicing in Part I of the assignment; the only difference is that you are now responsible for creating the data file, as well. Remember to do the following: a) Name and define your variables under the Variable View, then return to the Data View to enter the data; and b) Paste all SPSS output and graphs into your homework file at the appropriate place. Part III: Questions 1-4 The following data are based on numbers taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys from the years 2009-2013, with some modifications. They represent the average weekly pay for wage and salary earners measured at 4 different quarters each year and broken down by gender. Enter these data into a new file containing one variable for gender and one variable for salary. For the gender variable in column 1, code women as 1 and men as 2 o Remember to define these in Value Labels as covered in presentations since Module 1. o There will be twenty \"1\"s and twenty \"2\"s (as many participants as in each group). The corresponding earnings will be entered in the salary column (second column). If you need an example, look at the set-up of gender in the \"Lesson 21 Practice Data File 1\" document. Women Men 1) 649654652675660667675668681671 685692676689683700692688688694 825818813831822851815816833827 830828833846837851868831881854 In SPSS, compute descriptive statistics for each gender for these data. The necessary steps are covered in the last 3 slides of this module's SPSS tutorial. Page 6 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for Weekly Pay by Gender: (Paste one table; should include weekly pay grouped by men and women) Descriptive Statisticsa Std. 2) N gender men Mean Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Error Create a boxplot describing the average overall weekly salary for each gender. Std. Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error weekly_pay 20 835.50 18.034 1.053 .512 .814 .992 gender 20 1.0000 .00000 . . . . Valid N (listwise) women 20 weekly_pay 20 676.95 14.908 -.476 .512 -.759 .992 gender 20 2.0000 .00000 . . . . Valid N (listwise) 20 a. No statistics are computed for one or more split files because there are no valid cases. Page 7 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS boxplot: 9 Page 8 of 13 PSYC 354 3) Based on these data, what is themean weekly income for men? Answer 835.50 4) What is the standard deviation of the weekly income for women? Answer 14.908 Part IV: Cumulative Questions 1-4 The BDI (Beck et al., 1961) is an instrument widely used to assess levels of depression in individuals in a variety of settings. A researcher administers the BDI to a sample of college students. The results appear in the table below. 1) The scores range from 0-63 (whole numbers only). They are entered as two columns to save space (i.e., you will not need two columns in the SPSS file, only one). BDI Scores 9 10 9 5 17 3 15 20 17 62 15 12 10 4 61 61 22 15 10 11 Using SPSS, run a frequencies analysis on these scores that includes: A Frequency Table Tableof Descriptive Statistics o Include measures of central tendency, dispersion/spread, and distribution. Paste the output into your homework file. Page 9 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS Table- Frequency Table for BDI Scores: BDI_SCORES Cumulative gender . Frequency Valid Percent Valid Percent Percent 3 1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4 1 5.0 5.0 10.0 5 1 5.0 5.0 15.0 9 2 10.0 10.0 25.0 10 3 15.0 15.0 40.0 11 1 5.0 5.0 45.0 12 1 5.0 5.0 50.0 15 3 15.0 15.0 65.0 17 2 10.0 10.0 75.0 20 1 5.0 5.0 80.0 22 1 5.0 5.0 85.0 61 2 10.0 10.0 95.0 62 1 5.0 5.0 100.0 Total 20 100.0 100.0 men Missing System 20 100.0 women Missing System 20 100.0 Page 10 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for BDI Scores: Statistics BDI_SCORES . N Valid 20 Missing 0 Mean 19.40 Median 13.50 10a Mode Std. Deviation 18.740 Variance 351.200 Skewness 1.815 Std. Error of Skewness Kurtosis 2.031 Std. Error of Kurtosis Range men N N .992 59 Valid Missing women .512 Valid Missing 0 20 0 20 a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown 2) Create a graph to describe the data set. Justify why this graph is the best choice for these data. Page 11 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS graph Explanation/ Justification. It is the best graph to describe the data. This is because most of the data values have more than one frequency and are therefore best summarized based on frequency distribution of scores through a bar graph. Based on your SPSS output, what is the numerical skewness value of this data set? 3) What does this value say about how the scores are distributed? Answer 1.185 Explanation. It says that the scores are posirtively skewed. I t means that there are generally many small scores and a few scores that are very large Page 12 of 13 PSYC 354 Based on your graph and your answers above, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing this group of scores? Why? Answer: I believe the median would be the best measure of cebtral tendency. Explanation/Rationale This is because most of the data is close to the mean which rightfully describe that most of the scores are small ( close to the 13.5) 4) Submit Homework 3 by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 3. Remember to name file appropriately. Done! Page 13 of 13 PSYC 354 HOMEWORK 3 Central Tendency and Variability When submitting this file, be sure the filename includes your full name, course and section. Example: HW3_JohnDoe_354B01 Be sure you have reviewed this module/week's lesson and presentations along with the practice data analysisbefore proceeding to the homework exercises. Complete all analyses in SPSS, then copy and paste your output and graphs into yourhomework document file. Answer any written questions (such as the text-based questions or the APA Participants section) in the appropriate place within the same file. Part I: Concepts Questions 1-7 These questions are based on the Nolan and Heinzen reading and end-of-chapter questions. Questions 1-4 Fill in the highlighted blanks to answer/complete the statements. 1 ) Another name for the arithmetic average of a set of numbers is the _mean_______. What is an outlier? 2) __An observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population.______ 3 ) Which measure of central tendency is most likely to be adversely affected by outliers? 4 ) We compute standard deviation by taking the __square root______of the variance. __mean_____ Question 5a-5d For the following terms, write the equivalent mathematical symbol (letter or letters) for the sample statistic. 5-a) Score: 5-b) Mean: x x Page 1 of 13 PSYC 354 5-c) Standard deviation: s 5-d) Number of participants in sample: n Question 6a-6c These are the scores of eleven patients on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI ). Scores can range from 0 to 63. 1 2 19 11 23 16 15 27 25 52 13 14 6-a) What is the mean of the scores? (Compute this using a calculator): Answer20.636363636364 6-b) What is the median of these scores? Answer16 6-c ) Compare the mean and median. Does the difference between them suggest that the data are skewed very much? Explain. AnswerThe data is positively skewed, I would say by a considerable amount. Explanation/ JustificationThe mean is larger than the median. The difference between the two is very large eaning the skeweness is large Page 2 of 13 PSYC 354 Question 7a- 7f At thiswebsite, (http://projects.newyorker.com/story/subway/) you will find an interactive graph concerning New York City's geography and income. Read the introduction and click on different \"subway lines\" to see how the interactive graph works. Note that the abbreviations stand for the four different boroughs: MAN = Manhattan BRX = Bronx BRK = Brooklyn QNS = Queens Also note that hovering your mouse over the dots on the graph displays the subway stop and the median income of households in that area. 7-a)In which of the four boroughs is the median household income highest? (This is made evident as you click on the different lines.) AnswerManhattan 7-b)Click on the \"A\" line. Does the line graph for Manhattan show high or low variability? What does this level of variability tell us about the household income in this area of Manhattan? AnswerThe line graph for Manhattan shows high variability. AnswerThe level of variability tells us that the household income of this area of Manhattan varies drastically. It shows that some households may be living at poverty level for the cost of living in this area. It also could mean that the career paths chosen by heads of households are also extremely variable. 7-c) Click on Line 6. Though both boroughs depicted show some variability, which borough(not a street) shows the most variability in median household income? Answer Manhattan 7-d) On Line 3, find the following two subway stops: New Lots Ave. (the first of the Brooklyn stops) and Park Place(the first of the highest stops in Manhattan). What is the difference (calculate) between the median household incomes of the two areas? Answer 159,423 7-e)Click on the \"F\" line. Which subway stop in Brooklyn seems to be an outlier? Answer York St. 7-f)Based on this module/week's reading, why do you think the author of this graph chose the median household income instead of the mean household income to describe central tendency? Answer I think the author chose the median because it's more consistent and represents the average of all house holds and resembles less of a variance per stop. Page 3 of 13 PSYC 354 Part II: SPSS Analysis Green and Salkind Course Text, Lesson 21: Exercises 1, 4, 7, and 8 Questions 1 and 4 o Green and Salkind Text, Lesson 21 o Lesson 21 Exercise File 1 (located under course's Assignment Instructions folder) Part II: Exercises 1a-1d and Exercise 4 Green and Salkind, Lesson 21, Exercises 1and 4 ( do not complete numbers 2 or 3) Open \"Lesson 21 Exercise File 1\" in order to complete these exercises. David collects anxiety scores from 15 college students who visit the university health center during finals week: 1)Compute descriptive statistics on the anxiety scores. From the output, identify the following: a. Skewness b. Mean c. Standard deviation d. Kurtosis Answer:SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for Anxiety Scores (paste Table in this cell) Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Statistic Statistic Statistic Anxiety Scores 15 Valid N (listwise) 23.478 Statistic .416 Kurtosis Std. Error .580 Statistic Std. Error 15 1-a)Skewness: 1-b)Mean: 1-c)Standard deviation: 1-d)Kurtosis: 32.27 Skewness -1.124 1.121 0.416 32.27 23.478 -1.124 Page 4 of 13 PSYC 354 Create a histogram to show the distribution of the anxiety scores. 4) Edit the graph so that most of the normal curve is visible. Answer:SPSS Figure- Histogram for Anxiety Scores with Normal Curve (paste Figure in this cell) Page 5 of 13 PSYC 354 Part III: SPSS Data Entry and Analysis Data provided below. The steps will be the same as the ones you have been practicing in Part I of the assignment; the only difference is that you are now responsible for creating the data file, as well. Remember to do the following: a) Name and define your variables under the Variable View, then return to the Data View to enter the data; and b) Paste all SPSS output and graphs into your homework file at the appropriate place. Part III: Questions 1-4 The following data are based on numbers taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys from the years 2009-2013, with some modifications. They represent the average weekly pay for wage and salary earners measured at 4 different quarters each year and broken down by gender. Enter these data into a new file containing one variable for gender and one variable for salary. For the gender variable in column 1, code women as 1 and men as 2 o Remember to define these in Value Labels as covered in presentations since Module 1. o There will be twenty \"1\"s and twenty \"2\"s (as many participants as in each group). The corresponding earnings will be entered in the salary column (second column). If you need an example, look at the set-up of gender in the \"Lesson 21 Practice Data File 1\" document. Women Men 1) 649654652675660667675668681671 685692676689683700692688688694 825818813831822851815816833827 830828833846837851868831881854 In SPSS, compute descriptive statistics for each gender for these data. The necessary steps are covered in the last 3 slides of this module's SPSS tutorial. Page 6 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for Weekly Pay by Gender: (Paste one table; should include weekly pay grouped by men and women) Descriptive Statisticsa Std. 2) N gender men Mean Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Error Create a boxplot describing the average overall weekly salary for each gender. Std. Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error weekly_pay 20 835.50 18.034 1.053 .512 .814 .992 gender 20 1.0000 .00000 . . . . Valid N (listwise) women 20 weekly_pay 20 676.95 14.908 -.476 .512 -.759 .992 gender 20 2.0000 .00000 . . . . Valid N (listwise) 20 a. No statistics are computed for one or more split files because there are no valid cases. Page 7 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS boxplot: 9 Page 8 of 13 PSYC 354 3) Based on these data, what is themean weekly income for men? Answer 835.50 4) What is the standard deviation of the weekly income for women? Answer 14.908 Part IV: Cumulative Questions 1-4 The BDI (Beck et al., 1961) is an instrument widely used to assess levels of depression in individuals in a variety of settings. A researcher administers the BDI to a sample of college students. The results appear in the table below. 1) The scores range from 0-63 (whole numbers only). They are entered as two columns to save space (i.e., you will not need two columns in the SPSS file, only one). BDI Scores 9 10 9 5 17 3 15 20 17 62 15 12 10 4 61 61 22 15 10 11 Using SPSS, run a frequencies analysis on these scores that includes: A Frequency Table Tableof Descriptive Statistics o Include measures of central tendency, dispersion/spread, and distribution. Paste the output into your homework file. Page 9 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS Table- Frequency Table for BDI Scores: BDI_SCORES Cumulative gender . Frequency Valid Percent Valid Percent Percent 3 1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4 1 5.0 5.0 10.0 5 1 5.0 5.0 15.0 9 2 10.0 10.0 25.0 10 3 15.0 15.0 40.0 11 1 5.0 5.0 45.0 12 1 5.0 5.0 50.0 15 3 15.0 15.0 65.0 17 2 10.0 10.0 75.0 20 1 5.0 5.0 80.0 22 1 5.0 5.0 85.0 61 2 10.0 10.0 95.0 62 1 5.0 5.0 100.0 Total 20 100.0 100.0 men Missing System 20 100.0 women Missing System 20 100.0 Page 10 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS Table- Descriptive Statistics for BDI Scores: Statistics BDI_SCORES . N Valid 20 Missing 0 Mean 19.40 Median 13.50 10a Mode Std. Deviation 18.740 Variance 351.200 Skewness 1.815 Std. Error of Skewness Kurtosis 2.031 Std. Error of Kurtosis Range men N N .992 59 Valid Missing women .512 Valid Missing 0 20 0 20 a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown 2) Create a graph to describe the data set. Justify why this graph is the best choice for these data. Page 11 of 13 PSYC 354 Answer- SPSS graph Explanation/ Justification. It is the best graph to describe the data. This is because most of the data values have more than one frequency and are therefore best summarized based on frequency distribution of scores through a bar graph. Based on your SPSS output, what is the numerical skewness value of this data set? 3) What does this value say about how the scores are distributed? Answer 1.185 Explanation. It says that the scores are posirtively skewed. I t means that there are generally many small scores and a few scores that are very large Page 12 of 13 PSYC 354 Based on your graph and your answers above, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing this group of scores? Why? Answer: I believe the median would be the best measure of cebtral tendency. Explanation/Rationale This is because most of the data is close to the mean which rightfully describe that most of the scores are small ( close to the 13.5) 4) Submit Homework 3 by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 3. Remember to name file appropriately. Done! Page 13 of 13