Public procurement constitutes a notable global GDP segment from $10\%$ to $15\%,$ and the aggregate value of worldwide public procurement reaches trillions of dollars annually $($OECD$,2019).$ In Ghana, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport Works $($MITW$)$ has been overseeing significant construction projects to improve the country's transportation network. However, reports of irregularities and suspected fraud have emerged, suggesting that some individuals within the ministry and external contractors might be involved in corrupt practices

$1\mathrm{.}1$ Briefly discuss the potential risks associated with each stage of the procurement process?

$(20$ Marks$)$

$1\mathrm{.}2$ Explain how implementing robust internal controls can mitigate these risks? $(10$ Marks$)$

Segregation of duthes

Regular audit sand inspettions

clear praturment palicies and Regulation.

sappiers aue$-$diligence

QUESTION $2$

use culomated systems and c$-$protitement

According to Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer, approximately $24\%$ of individuals who engaged with public services and institutions across the globe acknowledged engaging in bribery. This includes cases related to public procurement processes.

$2\mathrm{.}1$ What are the consequences of fraudulent activities and corruption in the realm of public procurement?

$(10$ Marks$)$

$2\mathrm{.}2$ Examine the relevance and benefits of applying the Fraud Triangle model within the framework of public procurement?

$(10$ Marks$)$

$2\mathrm{.}3$ How does the Public Procurement Act $15$ of Namibia intricately incorporate the tenets of sustainability?

$(10$ Marks$)$