P-values can also be found with test statistics, which is a Z- score measuring the distance between the null value and point estimate. Given the test statistic = Z, the two-sided p-value = normalcdf(lower = |Z|, upper = 999, = 0, o = 1) x2, where |Z| is the absolute value of the test statistic (drop the negative sign). Compute the two-sided p-value given that a) test statistic = - 2.51 Calculator value = -1.55 b) test statistic = 0.86 Calculator value = X Test statistics are Z scores measuring the distance between a null value and point estimate. In general, the test statistic Z = (point estimate - null value)/standard error. Compute the test statistic and two-sided p-value given that a) point estimate = 0.61, null value = 0.7, standard error = 0.0437 The test statistic = The p-value= The p-value < .001 b) point estimate = 0.28, null value = 0.2, standard error = 0.0214 The test statistic = The p-value = The p-value < .001