Q$1.$ Computer architectures and components

$1)$ Explain these terms $($abbreviations$)$ and their definitions: ISA, RISC, CISC, RAM.

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$2)$ What are von Neumann architecture and Harvard architecture? What are their differences?

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$3)$ What are the five units and their functionalities of von Neumann architecture?

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$4)$ Explain these terms and their functionalities: ALU, register, program counter $($PC$),$ and instruction register $($IR$).$

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Q$2.$ Instruction execution cycle $($fetch$-$decode$-$execute$-$store$)$

$1)$ What actions happen during the fetch stage of an instruction execution cycle? Is PC incremented at the beginning or end of the fetch stage? Is IR being updated?

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$2)$ What happen during the decode stage of an instruction execution cycle?

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$3)$ What happen during the execute stage of an instruction execution cycle?

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$4)$ What happen during the store stage of an instruction execution cycle?

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Q$3.$ Assembly language and ARM$64/$ ARMv$8$

$1)$ Why do we need to learn assembly language and why do we choose ARM$64?$

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$2)$ How many general purpose registers are there in ARM$64$ CPU? What are their names and sizes? How can they be used as $32-$bit registers?

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$3)$ What model does ARM follow for memory access? How does that model work?

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$4)$ What is an addressing mode? What are the addressing modes in ARM$64?$ Explain them with examples.

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Q$4.$ Call stack and stack frame

$1)$ What is the call stack? What is a stack frame? Explain both and their relationship.

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$2)$ What are stack pointer and frame pointer? Explain both and their relationship?

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$3)$ How does the call stack grow when a function is called in ARM$64$ programs?