Q : $30020!!$What foundational theories underpin civil engineering, shaping its practices and principles? From structural mechanics to materials science, civil engineering encompasses a breadth of theories. Classical mechanics elucidates structural behavior under loads, guiding design choices for bridges, buildings, and dams. Fluid mechanics and hydraulics inform water resource management, flood control, and sewage systems. Geotechnical engineering relies on soil mechanics theories to understand soil properties and behavior, crucial for foundation design and slope stability analysis. Transportation engineering integrates traffic flow theory and transportation planning models to optimize infrastructure networks. Environmental engineering applies principles of chemistry and biology to mitigate pollution and manage natural resources sustainably.