Q : $651$##

"How does the application of game theory contribute to strategic decision$-$making in civil engineering projects, particularly in the context of resource allocation, risk management, and stakeholder negotiation? Explore how game theory models such as the prisoner's dilemma, Nash equilibrium, and cooperative game theory can be employed to optimize project outcomes, enhance efficiency, and mitigate conflicts. Additionally, investigate real$-$world case studies or examples where game theory principles have been successfully applied in civil engineering, highlighting the challenges faced, the strategies implemented, and the resultant benefits accrued. Analyze the effectiveness and limitations of applying game theory in civil engineering contexts, considering factors like project scale, complexity, and stakeholder dynamics."