Q1.Assuming there is no random variability or bias, indicate whether confounding is present or absent, and the type of confounding (assume that the number of participants in each strata of the confounder is the same)

Unadjusted Relative Risk	Confounder associated with exposure?	Confounder associated with outcome?	Relative Risk in Stratum 1 of Confounder	Relative Risk in Stratum 2 of Confounder	Confounding present?	Confounding Type?
3.2	Yes	No	3.1	3.3
2	Yes	Yes	1.5	2.5
0.5	Yes	Yes	0.7	0.9
1.1	Yes	Yes	0.8	0.6
2.3	Yes	Yes	1.2	1.3
0.8	Yes	Yes	0.7	0.65
0.7	Yes	Yes	0.65	0.74
0.8	Yes	Yes	1.3	1.5

Resource: Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics 4th Edition,

5.5.5 Types of Confounding Effects: Negative, Positive, and "Qualitative" Confounding. (page 197)

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