Q1: Select any developing country and explain its 5 major environmental problems with examples. (ZDmarl-{s} There are many studies have been conducted by researchers to investigate the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth. lDne oi the notable examples is the environmental Kuznets curve. Kuznets curve is a U-shaped model that demonstrates the relationship between economic development and environmental degradation. It proposed that the relationship is an inverted U-shaped, which the pollution level is rising when the country is experiencing industrial development in the earlyr stage , but the pollution level will go down as the country becoming more advanced and more concern on the environmental quality. As the world becomes more globalized, countries are making progress to achieve better income status and economic growth. Therefore, environmental degradation is no longer an issue that only occurs in developed countries, but it has risen concerns over the rapid economic developmenttrom developing countries. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world, also known as a country with thousand islands. It shares its borders with several countries such as Malaysia, the Philippines , Singapore , Timor -Leste and more. The country's estimated population in 2019 is 2?0 million. Indonesia are made up of live major islands and many smaller islands. These islands have many high mountains and active volcanoes, as well as tropical raintorests and jungles. The geographical characteristics have made Indonesia a fertile land to breed and grow. Indonesia is the world's fourth populous country ;it has huge potential on economy expansion. According to World Bank, GDP growth rate of indonesia has maintained above 5% between 201?-2019. In 2019, the top 3 sectors contributing to GDP of Indonesia are manufacturing, agriculture and wholesale and retail trade {Statistics Indonesia, 2019). Indonesia is an essential trading partner to many Asian countries including China, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. The country has exported about US$180 billion worth of products to other countries in 2018 {World integrated Trade Solution ,2013 }. Although Indonesia has achieved impressive economic performance over these low years, the environmental issues and pollution levels in Indonesia also raise concerns from different entities . Some major environmental problems in Indonesia are air pollution , river pollution, deforestation, marine pollution, and coral reef reduction. lndonesia's Environmental Performance Index (EPIJ is 3TB, which is ranked at 115 out of 130 countries globally based on a study conducted by a group of researchers from Yale University [Wendling et al., 2020 j. The 2020 Environmental Performance Index is a summary of the sustainability state of countries around the world. The report provides an insight on how the country's progress in achieving desirable environmental health status and ecosystem vitality. Based on Indonesia's score, it revealed that Indonesia still has along way to achieve better environmental quality. Air pollution is a major concern in Indonesia . Elased on re 2020 World Air Quality Report by lQAir , Indonesia ranks at Elmout of 105 countries as the mostair polluted countries, with an annual average of40.i" pglma PM2.5 concentration. The targeted PMZE concentration by World Health Organization is below 10 pgi'm 3, Indonesia clearly exceeds the target set by WHO. Rapid urbanization and progressive economic developmentare the major contributors to the worsening air dualityr in Indonesia, which leads to new constructions and an increase in energy demand to embrace greater population size . In addition , annual land clearing is also one factor that contributed to air pollution. The local farmers or private companies use slash- and-burn method to clear the land for their plantations. The smoke from the lire has caused unhealthy air quality not just in Indonesia, but also in its neighbouring countries such as Malaysia and Singapore {BBC News, 2019). Apart from that, rapid industrialization also causes river pollution. For instance, Citarum river, Indonesia is the one of the most polluted rivers in the world ,with over 20,000 tons oi waste and 340,000 tons of sewage being dumped into the river(Tarahita and Rakhmat, 2018}