Q11 Show the NRZ,Manchester, and NRZI encodings for the bit pattern 1001111100010001. Assume that the NRZI signal starts out low.

Q12 Show that two-dimensional parity allows detection of all 3-bit errors. Q13 Show that two-dimensional parity provides the receiver enough information to correct any 1-bit error (assuming the receiver knows only 1 bit is bad), but not any 2- bit error.

Q14 Suppose we want to transmit the message 11100011 and protect it from errors using the CRC polynomial x3 +1. (a) Use polynomial long division to determine the message that should be transmitted. (b) Suppose the leftmost bit of the message is inverted due to noise on the transmission link. What is the result of the receiver's CRC calculation? How does the receiver know that an error has occurred?

Q15 a) What is the fundamental distinction between a Layer 2 switch and a router? b) What is the fundamental distinction between a node and a host? c) What is the fundamental distinction between a MAN and a WAN? d) What is a message called that is delivered by TCP? What is a message called that is delivered by UDP? At which layer do the two protocols work? e) At the Network layer, what type of address is used to identify the receiving host? f) At the Data Link layer, which type of network address is used to identify the receiving node?

Q16 a) What three characteristics about TCP distinguish it from UDP? b) What process is used to establish a TCP connection? c) What is the difference between dynamic ARP table entries and static ARP table entries? d) How is latency measured, and in what unit? Q17 What is 'Encapsulation'? Explain with a diagram the concept of 'Encapsulation'.

Q18 What is a Socket? What are the operations the interface needs to define? Q19 Define channel capacity, C, in terms of bandwidth and Signal to Noise ratio. Calculate C if bandwidth is given as 2 KHz and Signal to Noise ratio is given as 20 dB.

Q20 a) What is meant by Client-Server application? Discuss. b) How does the client know how to make the request in a way the server can understand and respond to? c) List some of the popular client server applications.