Q2 Reply and comment on each Statement.

1.

There are four pros and cons (two of each) of incorporating some of the latest technology into the development of a new complex system.

Incorporation of a new technology into the development of a new complex system comes with benefits and risks that if managed properly can result in a successful product with new capabilities. Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) is a technology that has been around for awhile, however it hasn't been until recently that it has emerged in the military.From a military perspective, one benefit of this imaging technology is that it provides more details of the image being captured than a standard camera. For example, it can provide the details of a specific type of tank; whereas a standard camera would only alert the user to a tank in the image. A second benefit is that it can be used to locate small objects in a large area, like an ocean.For this reason, it has emerged as a technology for use in search and rescue missions.

As with any emerging technology, there are risks to integrating into a new complex system. In the case of HSI technology, the biggest risk is the cost associated with development.The costs to develop a HSI system are orders of magnitude larger than developing a system using a standard camera. Additionally, training the operator how to use the system becomes a challenge.Developing trust in the output of a HSI system has been the biggest hurdle to having the technology be a successful tool in the military.

Systems engineers have been described as being an advocate for the whole system.

There are many stakeholders involved with the development of any new system. There are the investors who sponsor the development effort. Then there are the contractors who have to execute and complete the majority of the work to develop the system.However, of all the stakeholders that are involved in the development of a new system the end user is the one the systems engineers should advocate for the most. In military applications, the end user doesn't necessarily have to be the customer. In most cases there are sponsors who provide the funding for execution and then the system is transferred or transitioned to the end user. As a systems engineer, knowing the requirements and needs of the end user are essential because most times the end user doesn't always know exactly what they want.It requires a unique skill to transform what the user articulates as their needs and transform it into a final product that they can use to execute their mission.

2.

Information technology has impacted organizations both positively and negatively. With increased technological innovations, many organizations are considering integrating technological innovation within the context of their operations. However, the introduction of such technologies has benefited and negatively impacted such organization as will be highlighted in this discussion (Ramirez, 2016). The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of technological integration within an organization.

Advantages

One of the advantages of adopting technology into the organization is that it enhances efficiency as well as results. Fundamentally, when technology is adopted by firms, most of the firms' activities and operations become automated. This, therefore, means that the workforce will engage in few activities since technology does most of the activities. For instance, the utilization of robots in the manufacturing industry such as the manufacture of vehicles increased performance as well as the job results.

Disadvantages

One of the major drawbacks of technological utilization into the organization lies on the part of the capital. Typically, companies that want to introduce IT systems will incur a substantive amount of money purchasing it as well as maintaining it. For instance, if a firm wants to use servers within its premises, it will have to incur additional costs in terms of building extra rooms, paying for utility bills, and hiring and training additional personnel to manage the new system (server) (Hasgall, & Ahituv, 2018).

In conclusion, integration of information technology into an organization has its benefits as well as its drawbacks. Therefore, companies must perform a comprehensive benefit-cost analysis to determine whether or not adopting IT resources is worth the cost. Furthermore, there are several stakeholders who will be impacted either directly or indirectly by the utilization of technology. Thus, companies should consider the inputs and suggestions of these stakeholders before making any decisions as far as IT resources are concerned. Some of these stakeholders include customers, employees, organizational management, suppliers, regulatory bodies, and competitors.

3.

The healthcare delivery system has continued to face various problems. The healthcare system is complex due to emergence of different types of chronic diseases every other day. This factor forces the sector to consume a substantial amount of money leaving the insurers, governments, the public and industries to carry the heavy burden. Unfortunately, unnecessary resources are offered are often offered due to little or no coordination across the providers or sites. It has therefore become a necessity to engineer a system in the sector that coordinates, synchronizes and integrates the complex system towards proper utilization of financial resources, personnel and information.

System engineering in the healthcare therefore will focus on design, orchestration and control of system activities so that it is able to meet its objectives. It involves identifying the most appropriate system that will serve wide range of the community. Some of healthcare engineering applications include;

Therapeutic Optimization. It models social and clinical aspects of treatment options, individual patients and relevant environmental factors that can be used in treatment of patients. The model may utilize patient's physical mobility, age, social support and the comorbidities. A good example is the Hemodialysis, a method of removing waste products from the patients' blood stream of renal failure patients. The procedures use arteriovenous (AV) fistula/graft that joins the artery and the vain. This method has been used to treat many hemodialysis patients all over the world. It has also reduced thrombosis cases(Bradley N. DoebbelingKopach-Konrad, Lawley, Criswell, & Pekny, 2007). Also, therapeutic optimization has continued to be used to optimize cancer treatment therapies. Radiation treatment has evolved to now being sophisticated systems to control modulation optimization therefore improving effectiveness of cancer treatment.

4.

Select a very large complex system of system example and explain how the engineering systems approach could provide useful solutions that would have wide acceptance across many communities.

A large complex system is auto-manufacturing plants and building a car. Today, humans are still required to spend a lot of time along the process of quality checks and custom welding and installation of certain parts of the car. Machines are almost to the point that there will no longer need a human touch. Machines should be designed that would replace human interaction. This will reduce costs and make cars more affordable. There should be a way that the virtual work done by machines matches, if not perfects the actual work done by humans. This will also increase safety by humans not having to interact in the assembly line. Instead of humans testing the cars, technology and machines can replace them and made the tests more accurate. This will also help the company by delivering more cars in a shorter period of time if machines were able to improve the process and make it simpler. Since vehicles are more difficult to build because of technology and because these companies are now building electric vehicles, it is important to make them as lightweight as possible for more mileage on a charge, these systems will help lower emissions since this is a worldwide problem. This will mean that the main design will change on all cars that are being produced since it is a tread that will last a long time

5.

Referring to Figure 3.4 , for each of the environments and interfaces illustrated, (1) list the principal interactions between the environment and the aircraft, (2) the nature of each interaction, and (3) describe how each affects the system design.

1. Flight Environment: Communication between control tower and the airplane for commands

and update the flight and weather information such as winds and rain. The issues during flying such as turbulences should be informed regularly to the crew of the airplane. Also the beacon interrogation is used to enhance radar system to control air traffic by acquiring information from airplane and the controller. The information related to weather during flying affect on the system. Delay or changing and modifying in paths could be occurred.

2. Landing Environment: ILS beacon send signals to enables airplane to land specially when visual contact is unavailable for the pilot, also it gives information and signals about the vertical and horizontal guidance for safety landing and information about shock, vibration, the

elevation of the airplane and the speed. These issue affect on the system by using auto landing totally or partially. Affecting landing time and traffic situation.

3. Support Environment: The requirement of power and fuel are very important for the airplane. The information is between the support time and the crew is taking place. During boarding time or connection time between flight the airplane is provided by the needed fuel and checked the power and the essential requirements. The support environment affects on the system by providing the prepared and checked list about the requirements for airplane on the land.

4. People and Payload Interface: The information of passengers and payload are available to the

flight crew and the land services. The lists are provided and checked. These affect on the system in safety issues about the payload and luggage's weight. Also it affects in ticketing by allow passengers from wait list to travel or not. Based on the sale of tickets, the people are identified so they could estimate the payload capacity. If the flight is not full, people may be allowed to carry extra luggage for free more than specific limit and vice versa.

5. Maintenance Environment: on the ground any issues in the airplane provide the maintenance team after landing. General checkup is occurred additionally, so the support team identify the problems in the flight, rectify them and resolve these problems before flight again.

Select one of the household appliances listed below: automatic dishwasher washing machine television set

(a)State the functions that it performs during its operating cycle. Indicate the primary medium (signals, data, material, or energy) involved in each step and the basic function that is performed on this medium. (b) For the selected appliance, describe the physical elements involved in the implementation of each of the above functions.

Television Set:

Functions performed:

• Energy: Switching on the electronic circuit and start TV
• Signal: Receiving the broadcast signal by TV cable or antenna from transmitter
• Signal: Flowing into TV via fiber optic cables
• Data: transfer signal to video/audio through the modulator and demodulator filter amplifier
• Energy: selecting the channel by changing the frequency of electronic circuit
• Material: splitting the data of video into red, blue and green signals to drive electron guns into

cathode ray tube

• Data and Material: Displaying the electron beam through electromagnetic field on TV screen
• Energy and Data: driving audio from loudspeakers

Physical elements:

• Power supply unit
• Antenna and wire feeding
• Fiber optic cables
• Frequency amplifier interconnecting
• Transmitter
• Channels changer viewer (Altyonr)
• Electronic circuits
• Sound trap (Audio circuit)
• Cathode ray tube
• Electron gun
• Modulator/Demodulator units
• Screen
• Speaker
• Separator and amplifier pulses horizontal and vertical synchronization