QUESTION $1.(10$ points$)$

$($a$)$ What weapons did Homo sapiens deploy as part of his initial defense mechanism to counteract the invader during phase I of the operation?

$($b$)$ How did Ebola virus manage to evade the initial line of defense deployed by Homo sapiens?

In your answer, $($i$)$ indicate the way$($s$)$ the pathogen breached through the physical barrier of the host to gain access to his cells; $($ii$)$ indicate what the host could have done differently to prevent the breach; $($iii$)$ indicate and explain the mode of transmission of the Ebola disease $($e$.$g$.,$ through an active or a passive carrier$).$

$($C$)$ What second line of defense was deployed by Homo sapiens to neutralize the threat?

In your answer, $($i$)$ indicate the player$($s$)$ from the host involved in this line of defense and explain whether the defense was physical, chemical, or cellular; $($ii$)$ indicate and explain the mechanism via which this line of defense of the immune system was designed$/$expected to protect the host.

$($D$)$ After the host$$s second line of defense failed, the Ebola virus threat successfully gained access inside the cell. In this environment, the host immune system must rely on the recognition of structures called pathogen$-$associated molecular patterns $($PAMPs$)$ to neutralize the perceived threat.

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In this intracellular environment, $($i$)$ indicate the specific structure$($s$)$ of the Ebola virus that will be recognized; $($ii$)$ how the structure$($s$)$ will be recognized by the host; $($iii$)$ the production of which $$specific$$ chemical defense will be engaged to neutralize the threat; and $($iv$)$ the broad, non$-$specific, mechanism via which this chemical defense will act in an attempt to clear the threat.