Question $1$

a$)$ Briefly explain the TWO $(2)$ types of participation constraints in an Entity Relationship diagram.

$(5$ marks$)$

b$)$ Explain the difference between logical data independence and physical data independence. Draw an ANSI$-$SPARC database architecture diagram to show where these two types of data independence are located.

$(6$ marks$)$

c$)$ Given a relation $\backslash (\backslash$mathbf$\{$R$\}(\backslash$mathbf$\{$A$\},\backslash$mathbf$\{$B$\},\backslash$mathbf$\{$C$\},\backslash$mathbf$\{$D$\},\backslash$mathbf$\{$E$\})\backslash )$ where A and B are the candidate keys, and the following functional dependencies are given:

FD$1$: $\backslash ((\backslash$mathrm$\{$A$\}+\backslash$mathrm$\{$B$\})\backslash$rightarrow$(\backslash$mathrm$\{$C$\},\backslash$mathrm$\{$D$\},\backslash$mathrm$\{$E$\})\backslash )$

$\backslash (\backslash$mathrm$\{$FD$\}2$:$(\backslash$mathrm$\{$B$\}+\backslash$mathrm$\{$C$\})\backslash$rightarrow $\backslash$mathrm$\{$D$\}\backslash )$

Explain whether R is in Boyce$-$Codd Normal Form $($BCNF$).$ Normalize it to a proper BCNF if it is not.

$(4$ marks$)$

d$)$ What are ACID properties of transactions? Give the full name of each letter and explain each of them.