Question 1

A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined,

	a.	challenged, and banned under common law.
	b.	prohibited, and punished under criminal law.
	c.	prohibited, and punished under civil law.
	d.	stigmatized, and banned under procedural law.

2 points

Question 2

__________ reflects the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to criminality.

	a.	Anomie theory
	b.	Relative deprivation theory
	c.	General strain theory
	d.	Focal concern theory

2 points

Question 3

According to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to

	a.	lower-class mistrust of social control institutions.
	b.	the lack of political power within the under-class.
	c.	individual socialization.
	d.	socioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society.

2 points

Question 4

According to the research on chronic offenders, arrests and court experiences deter chronic offenders.

True

False

2 points

Question 5

According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns.

True

False

2 points

Question 6

According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict.

	a.	political
	b.	situational
	c.	ecological
	d.	internal

2 points

Question 7

"Awareness space" indicates that which crime is rational?

	a.	drug dealing
	b.	prostitution
	c.	theft
	d.	robbery

2 points

Question 8

According to the routine activities theory, all of the following are considered a capable guardian EXCEPT:

	a.	security systems
	b.	teenage boys
	c.	police officers
	d.	homeowners

2 points

Question 9

According to routine activities theory which of the following is considered a motivated offender?

	a.	addict population
	b.	those living in poverty
	c.	juveniles
	d.	casual offenders

2 points

Question 10

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the __________ develops as a result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others.

	a.	ego
	b.	conscience
	c.	id
	d.	superego

2 points

Question 11

According to the rational choice approach, the decision to commit crime is structured by

	a.	the characteristics of the victim and how the victim may react.
	b.	the absence or presence of competing offenders.
	c.	where the crime occurs and the characteristics of the target.
	d.	the presence of crime encouragers and absence of crime discouragers.

2 points

Question 12

A way for young males to avoid victimization is to limit their male friends and have more female friends.

True

False

2 points

Question 13

According to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between _________ and elevated levels of female aggression.

	a.	diet
	b.	pregnancy
	c.	menstruation
	d.	divorce

2 points

Question 14

A method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings is referred to as

	a.	situational crime prevention
	b.	positional crime prevention
	c.	defensible space
	d.	guardable space

2 points

Question 15

According to the 2011 Monitoring the Future survey

	a.	the crime problem is less than the UCR and NCVS indicate.
	b.	the crime problem is the same as indicated by the UCR.
	c.	the crime problem is the same as indicated by the NCVS.
	d.	the crime problem is greater than the UCR and NCVS indicate.

2 points

Question 16

__________ is the branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology.

	a.	Nurture theory
	b.	Cognitive theory
	c.	Social learning theory
	d.	Information-processing theory

2 points

Question 17

Christopher is a 17 year old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9pm curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and can protect himself.

According to the lifestyles theory, Christopher should associate with _________ in order to lower his chances of victimization.

	a.	college students
	b.	boys
	c.	athletes
	d.	girls

2 points

Question 18

According to the evolutionary theory, over the history of the human species __________ males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.

	a.	intelligent
	b.	aggressive
	c.	mentally ill
	d.	introverted

2 points

Question 19

According to the research, how many of all U.S. households contain guns?

	a.	one-half
	b.	one-tenth
	c.	one-fourth
	d.	one-third

2 points

Question 20

Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also travels around the country speaking to crime victims.

According to the social ecology of victimization, what time of the day were Beth's attacks more likely to take place?

	a.	12 pm to 2 pm
	b.	8 am to 10 am
	c.	3 pm to 6 pm
	d.	10 pm to 12 pm

2 points

Question 21

According to the author, the most important wielder of informal social control is religion.

True

False

2 points

Question 22

According to the biological/psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime?

	a.	ecological
	b.	internal
	c.	political
	d.	situational

2 points

Question 23

According to UCR data, what is known about today's property crime rate?

	a.	The property crime rate has significantly fluctuated in the past decade.
	b.	The property crime rate has increased by nearly 33 percent in the past decade.
	c.	The property crime rate has remained relatively stable in the past decade.
	d.	The property crime rate has dropped more than 10 percent in the past decade.

2 points

Question 24

According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, but so does the perception of punishment.

True

False

2 points

Question 25

According to Shaw and McKay, a __________ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.

	a.	concentric
	b.	ecological
	c.	transitional
	d.	subcultural

2 points

Question 26

__________, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality.

	a.	Estrogen
	b.	Testosterone
	c.	Monoamine
	d.	Serotonin

2 points

Question 27

According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become victims of crime and violence. Which factor does not characterize a deviant/dangerous place?

	a.	a poor neighborhood
	b.	a neighborhood with commercial and residential properties
	c.	a highly transient neighborhood
	d.	a neighborhood with educational and residential properties

2 points

Question 28

According to institutional anomie theorists, the _________ is both a goal and process to accumulate goods and wealth.

	a.	American Hope
	b.	American Dream
	c.	American Ideal
	d.	American Myth

2 points

Question 29

According to target vulnerability, having attractive possessions may make one vulnerable to predatory crime.

True

False

2 points

Question 30

According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?

	a.	Because the amount of suburban neighborhoods decreased resulting in a population shift to urban neighborhoods.
	b.	Because a demographic bulge in the population resulted in an increased number of motivated offenders.
	c.	Because unemployment rose resulting in an increase in motivated offenders.
	d.	Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.

2 points

Question 31

A significant criticism of biosocial theory has been

	a.	that it is the product of flawed methodology.
	b.	that it is based on outdated research.
	c.	that it is racist.
	d.	that it fails to explain gender differences in the crime rate.

2 points

Question 32

"Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought?

	a.	sociological criminology
	b.	positivist criminology
	c.	classical criminology
	d.	developmental criminology

2 points

Question 33

________ are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values and norms.

	a.	Social groups
	b.	Social subcultures
	c.	Social cultures
	d.	Social classes

2 points

Question 34

According to the research, crime rates decrease when families receive supplemental income through

	a.	loans
	b.	college scholarships
	c.	public assistance payments
	d.	church fundraisers

2 points

Question 35

A validity concern associated with the NCVS involves

	a.	interviewing household members under the age of 12.
	b.	victims overreporting crime.
	c.	police officers who fail to disclose crimes in which they are involved.
	d.	its large sample size.

2 points

Question 36

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery.

According to the ______________ effect, while in prison for ten years, Trevor was prevented from committing further offenses.

	a.	general deterrence
	b.	incapacitation
	c.	specific deterrence
	d.	rehabilitation

2 points

Question 37

__________ reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits.

	a.	Labeling theory
	b.	Social structure theory
	c.	Trait theory
	d.	Rational choice

2 points

Question 38

Fred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.

According to the research on burglaries, in general, when do burglars prefer to commit their crime?

	a.	11pm to 1am
	b.	9am to 11am
	c.	6pm to 8pm
	d.	3am to 5am

2 points

Question 39

A crime becomes a deviant act when it is deemed by lawmakers as socially harmful or dangerous.

True

False

2 points

Question 40

According to Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker, criminals engage in a(n) __________ of crime.

	a.	thrill-danger analysis
	b.	lower-class analysis
	c.	irrational - unstable analysis
	d.	cost-benefit analysis

2 points

Question 41

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter.

According to Marvin Wolfgang, the incident described above is best characterized as:

	a.	a misdemeanor
	b.	a criminological enterprise
	c.	a white-collar homicide
	d.	a victim precipitated homicide

2 points

Question 42

According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime.

True

False

2 points

Question 43

According to Freud's version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and the ego

True

False

2 points

Question 44

According to the research on chronic offenders, punishment was ___________ related to chronic offending.

	a.	contrapositively
	b.	inversely
	c.	conversely
	d.	conditionally

2 points

Question 45

According to the conflict view of crime, criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.

True

False

2 points

Question 46

________ is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes - how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.

	a.	Biosocial theory
	b.	Neurophysiological theory
	c.	Cognitive theory
	d.	Evolutionary theory

2 points

Question 47

According to ___________, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli.

	a.	excitement theory
	b.	stimuli theory
	c.	danger theory
	d.	arousal theory

2 points

Question 48

According to the routing activities theory, teenagers are considered capable guardians.

True

False

2 points

Question 49

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery.

About one month after his release, Trevor is frustrated that he has been unable to find a job. He is living on his sister's couch and is tired of hearing her complain about him eating all the food in the house. He feels he has no other option but to get money quickly. He develops a plan to rob the local convenience store late one night. As he walks towards the convenience store, he notices that there are a lot of police officers doing a DUI checkpoint about a half a mile down the road. He decides that it would not be wise to attempt to commit this robbery. What effect has occurred here?

	a.	diffusion
	b.	discouragement
	c.	displacement
	d.	replacement

2 points

Question 50

According to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay's findings was that

	a.	the number of abandoned buildings decreases as emigration increases.
	b.	over time crime rates shift outward from Zones I & II to the suburban zones.
	c.	crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure.
	d.	crime rates increase as police services increase.