Question #$1$: Basic Concepts $(20\%)$

Reading chapters $($From #$1$ to #$4)$ and paper reading #$1$:

a$.(4\%)$ Why does software components lack of testability? $($Hint: three points$)$

b$.(4\%)$ Why software testing is so hard? $($Hint: three points. Please read the given paper$)$

c$.(4\%)$ What are three major challenges In testing AI software?

d$.(4\%)$ Identify the three major differences between white$-$box testing and black$-$box testing.

e$.(4\%)$ List vendor$-$oriented test processes for reusable components.