QUESTION $1$ Case study

Please read the following case study and answer the questions that follow: The Great Supply Chain Disruption continues in $2023.$ Unprecedented disruptions and volatility in recent years have stretched supply chains to breaking point. In $2023,$ we can expect the $$Great Supply Chain Disruption$$ to continue to challenge industries around the world, according to SAPICS, The Professional Body for Supply Chain Management in Southern Africa. War, raw materials shortages, rising energy costs and extreme weather conditions are just some of the factors that will disrupt global supply chains in $2023,$ warns the non$-$profit organisation that is striving to elevate, educate and empower the community of supply chain professionals across Africa. $$In South Africa, the electricity crisis will continue to challenge businesses across all sectors$.$ The negative impact on energy$-$intensive and irrigation$-$dependent agricultural industries, in particular, will resonate through the entire supply chain $$ from the farm to consumers, who will have to pay more and have fewer competitive options available on supermarket shelves,$$ says SAPICS president MJ Schoemaker. $$This year, businesses must strive for optimised execution, risk reduction, and enhanced agility and responsiveness in their supply chains. It will also be critical to identify new ways to gain a real competitive advantage,$$ she stresses. Latest supply chain trends Digital supply chains were ranked second in ASCM$$s key trends in $2023.$Leading organisations will be advanced in their adoption of digital supply chain capabilities. If not, they will be left behind by agile, more proficient competitors,$$ cautions Schoemaker. She notes that supply chain risk and resilience will be prioritised by successful organisations in $2023.$ The diversification of suppliers, production capabilities and transportation processes will be some of their key strategies, according to ASCM$$s trends report, Forward$-$thinking organisations will also explore alternative materials and non$-$traditional partnerships, while many supply chains will become more compact and localised. Resilient supply chain design will also be critical to mitigating adverse events faster than the competition, providing excellent customer service, and generating value and market share. Artificial intelligence In $2023,$ artificial intelligence and machine learning will have a much greater impact on supply chains because processing huge datasets in real time demands these capabilities. Using smart logistics solutions, based on the internet of things and next$-$generation robotics, will be a focal point of supply chain design. The ASCM report foresees more supply chain transformation via intelligent robotics in $2023.$Labour shortages, supply disruptions and demand surges are compelling organisations to tap into robotics. Driven $1$ by rapid technological advancements and greater affordability, both mobile and stationary robots will assist workers with warehousing, transportation and last$-$mile delivery tasks. Safer, more efficient warehouses, with fewer people in them, will drive down costs. Although the initial capital investment will be high, the cost savings are primed to be dramatic.$$ According to Schoemaker, there is certainly a robotics trend in South Africa, but she says that load shedding may put a spanner in the works unless the businesses have their own energy source. $$In South Africa, finding the balance between efficiency and employment is also difficult,$$ she adds. $$Many companies are cross$-$skilling their staff to be more diverse and therefore are able to place them in other roles.$$ Data security and cybersecurity are also hot topics that will impact supply chains this year. The more digital supply chains become, the more vulnerable their global networks are to cyberattacks. $$This interconnectedness means supply chain partners can inadvertently expose each other and their customers to privacy breaches, identity theft and worse,$$ ASCM$$s report noted. More organisations will invest in redundancy, firewalls, advanced anti$-$hacking technologies and employee training in $2023.$ Sustainable supply chains Circular and sustainable supply chains will be on the agenda of all organisations aiming to future$-$proof their businesses. $$There is growing recognition that the traditional linear business model of take, make and waste must change. It has ecological as well as economic disadvantages, making raw material more expensive and increasing the likelihood of shortages and volatility,$$ explains Schoemaker. Continuous logistics disruptions in $2023$ will drive the need for constant master data maintenance, as well as refined logistics parameters and inventory levels. $$Logistics organisations must create the conditions necessary for a seamless interaction among multiple transportation networks and their digital replicas,$$ ASCM$$s report recommended. It also found that many of them will be rethinking the physical connecti