Question 1: Describe the differences between parametric and nonparametric statistics. Why would both types of statistics be used in criminal justice research? Use examples to support your answer.

Question 2: Define statistical independence and statistical dependence. How can you determine if two variables are statistically independent or dependent?

Question 3: What are observed frequencies? Expected frequencies? How do they relate to each other? How are they used in the chi-square test?

Question 4: What is statistical significance? How do you know if the chi-square value is statistically significant?

Question 5: Discuss the various measures of association for categorical variables. How do you know which one(s) to use?

Question 6: You see a news report claiming that children raised in families with high socioeconomic status are less likely to be arrested as teenagers, as compared to children raised in families with middle and lower income levels. The news story cites teenage arrest rates of 21%, 25%, and 29% among high, middle, and low socioeconomic statuses, respectively, and explains these differences as meaning that children raised in poor families are more delinquent than those from better-off families. Do you trust this conclusion? Why or why not? If you do not, what more do you need to know about these data before you can make a decision about the findings and their meaning for the relationship between family income and teenage arrest rates?