Question 1 Read the case study below and answer the following questions: Automation Makes Chinas Ports Safer, More Efficient Port congestion caused severe disruptions in global supply chains, and most stores were out of stock during the Black Friday and Christmas, the peak selling season at the end of last year. These incidents, however, will be overcome with the implementation of automation and intelligence innovation at ports in China. On the ports visitor platform at the container terminal at Section C of Tianjin Port, container cranes can be seen operating automatically while unmanned electric container trucks come and go. At the port, remotely controlled quay cranes stably pick up containers that are loaded with cargo from cargo ships and load these containers onto unmanned electric container trucks. Under the guidance of the BeiDou navigation satellite system, the container trucks go to the automatic locking/unlocking stations, according to the optimal driving route calculated in real-time, to unlock the containers, and then drive to the container yard. The whole process is completed in one go. This smart terminal was built by Tianjin Port Group (TPG), together with Huawei and other partners, as part of its efforts to build a smart and green port. One of the key innovative applications to address this is Huaweis self-developed, truly AI-based intelligent horizontal transportation system, which has achieved a series of world firsts: Large-scale commercial use of ultra-L4 driverless, the worlds first 5G+BeiDou integration of ubiquitous intelligence, the worlds first self-sufficiency in green electricity and zero carbon emission, etc. This achievement provides a blueprint for other parts of the world to build intelligent and low-carbon ports. The intelligent and digital transformation of the port has led to tangible benefits. Previously, transporting containers to container yards within ports requires a large number of container trucks. Using human drivers is very costly. Tianjin Port, for example, currently has 76 container trucks. To ensure 24/7 operations, each container truck needs three drivers working three shifts daily. That means a total of 210 drivers are required. In addition, it is exhausting for truck drivers to drive on fixed routes in three shifts, posing an obvious safety hazard.

Now, each container consumes 20% less energy, and cranes are 20% more efficient on average, with each crane operating 39 container units per hour. Tianjin port is one of Chinas most technologically advanced ports and a vital hub for the One Belt One Road initiative. It has a 300000-ton-class wharf with a channel depth of -22 meters. It has 192 berths of various types and 128 berths above the 10,000-ton- class. By the end of 2021, the ports cargo throughput reached 435 million tons, ranking ninth in the world, while the container throughput exceeded 18.35 million TEUs, ranking the eighth port in the world.

(b) Determine the disadvantages to implement the automation and intelligence innovation at ports in China. [12 marks]

(c) Identify the challenges for sustaining the system at Tianjin Port for their future operation. [13 marks]

• Elaborate your answer.