QUESTION 17 Which statement below is true? A. Affirmative Action originated from a series of Executive Orders by various U.S. Presidents from 1940 through 1969. B. Affirmative Action was a term first used by President Lyndon Johnson when he required federal contractors to take affirmative action to hire women and minority candidates and produce plans detailing the steps they were taking. c. Affirmative Action requires employers to examine the make up of their workforce and obtain information from a state Department of Labor, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, or the U.S. Census Bureau about the percentage of women and minorities in the unemployed labor pool. D. All of the above choices QUESTION 18 Which statement is false regarding Affirmative Action Plans: A. They are created only when a court orders a company to prepare one. Such plans are said to be involuntary in nature. B. They are required to be temporary in nature and should end when equilibrium is established in the employer's workforce. C. They must be remedial in nature, meaning that they must remedy past discrimination that existed in the employer's workforce. D. Businesses may be proactive and voluntarily prepare their own Affirmative Action Plan. QUESTION 19 Which of the following statements is true? A. Affirmative Action Plans must contain a provision for firing current employees who are not women or minorities to ensure equilibrium in the workforce as soon as possible. B. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down a quota-like admissions policy in University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978) finding that the school's practice of holding seats for applicants of one race over another was discrimination that the Constitution prohibited. C. Quotas differ from Affirmative Action because Quotas require the hiring of only qualified women and minority candidates. D. Affirmative Action Plans should be a permanent plan within an organization to make sure businesses are serious about maintaining equal opportunity for women and minority candidates. QUESTION 20 In Barbara Grutter v. Lee Bollinger (2003), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the University of Michigan Law School: A. Had a compelling state interest in achieving a diverse student body, and their admission policy furthered that interest. B. Used race as a "plus" factor in the admission process but not as the predominant factor. Race as a "plus" factor does not violate the constitution. C. Both choices A and B. D. Neither choices A nor B