Question $20($Mandatory$)(1$ point$)$

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Which of the following properties of the Internet do NOT contribute to it's robustness and scalability?

$$ hierarchical $($i$.$e$.$ layers and protocols built on each other$)$

redundant $($i$.$e$.$ more than one way to route data$)$

open standards $($i$.$e$.$ protocols that can be used by anyone$)$

latency $($i$.$e$.$ time between sending and receiving requests$)$