Question 21 (4 points) Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder that introduces body-wide pain, as well...

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Question 21 (4 points) Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder that introduces body-wide pain, as well as sleep & functional mobility problems, to a patient. Suppose you are curious if FM patients have worse functional mobility than elderly individuals. In other words, do FM patients take longer time on completing tasks compared to people aged at least 60 years? To answer this, you decided to conduct a test of significance at = 10% with the hypotheses Ho: HFM-Helderly 0 and Ha: HFM-Helderly >0. You randomly selected 25 FM patients and 35 elderly, and asked them to perform the Time Up and Go (TUG) test. You recorded the time (in seconds) it took for them to stand up, walk in a 3-meter straight line, and return to sit again on their original point after a "GO" signal. The results were tabulated below: Group Sample Size Mean Standard Deviation FM patients 25 11.50 seconds 3.75 seconds Elderly 35 9.45 seconds 2.39 seconds [Source: Bohannon RW. Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(2):64-8. doi: 10.1519/00139143-200608000-00004. PMID: 16914068. Cherney, K. (2020, June 29). Everything You Need to Know About Fibromyalgia. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/fibromyalgia#risk-factors Garza-Villarreal, E. A., Wilson, A. D., Vase, L., Brattico, E., Barrios, F. A., Jensen, T. S., Romero-Romo, J. I., & Vuust, P. (2014, February 11). Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00090/full] What is your test statistic and corresponding degrees of freedom, if any? A) Z = 2.4064; no df B) t = 2.4064; df = 25 C) t = -0.9368; df = 24 D) t 4.3877; df = 24 E) t 2.4064; df = 24 Question 18 (4 points) Perhaps the most common treatment for women who have Poly-Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is combined oral contraceptives (or COCs) with cyproterone acetate (or CPA) and metformin intake. However, it is also found that it can increase one's low-density lipoprotein levels (or LDL, which is a "bad" cholesterol). Suppose you are formulating an alternative to CPA-containing COCs to reduce the LDL levels of women on oral contraception. We suspect LDL levels will be decreased. To test the efficacy of your drug, you recorded the LDL (in mmol/L) of 100 women before and after they took your drug. The sample mean LDL difference (d = after before) was found to be 0.08 mmol/L, with a standard deviation of 0.75 mmol/L. [Source: Is Heart Disease a Worry if I Use the Pill? (2016, June 10). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth- control/heart-disease-birth-control-pill] In conducting your test of significance at = 5%, the p-value would be A) 0.5438 B) 0.8577 C) 0.2846 D) 0.1423 E) 0.4562 Question 21 (4 points) Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder that introduces body-wide pain, as well as sleep & functional mobility problems, to a patient. Suppose you are curious if FM patients have worse functional mobility than elderly individuals. In other words, do FM patients take longer time on completing tasks compared to people aged at least 60 years? To answer this, you decided to conduct a test of significance at = 10% with the hypotheses Ho: HFM-Helderly 0 and Ha: HFM-Helderly >0. You randomly selected 25 FM patients and 35 elderly, and asked them to perform the Time Up and Go (TUG) test. You recorded the time (in seconds) it took for them to stand up, walk in a 3-meter straight line, and return to sit again on their original point after a "GO" signal. The results were tabulated below: Group Sample Size Mean Standard Deviation FM patients 25 11.50 seconds 3.75 seconds Elderly 35 9.45 seconds 2.39 seconds [Source: Bohannon RW. Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(2):64-8. doi: 10.1519/00139143-200608000-00004. PMID: 16914068. Cherney, K. (2020, June 29). Everything You Need to Know About Fibromyalgia. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/fibromyalgia#risk-factors Garza-Villarreal, E. A., Wilson, A. D., Vase, L., Brattico, E., Barrios, F. A., Jensen, T. S., Romero-Romo, J. I., & Vuust, P. (2014, February 11). Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00090/full] What is your test statistic and corresponding degrees of freedom, if any? A) Z = 2.4064; no df B) t = 2.4064; df = 25 C) t = -0.9368; df = 24 D) t 4.3877; df = 24 E) t 2.4064; df = 24 Question 18 (4 points) Perhaps the most common treatment for women who have Poly-Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is combined oral contraceptives (or COCs) with cyproterone acetate (or CPA) and metformin intake. However, it is also found that it can increase one's low-density lipoprotein levels (or LDL, which is a "bad" cholesterol). Suppose you are formulating an alternative to CPA-containing COCs to reduce the LDL levels of women on oral contraception. We suspect LDL levels will be decreased. To test the efficacy of your drug, you recorded the LDL (in mmol/L) of 100 women before and after they took your drug. The sample mean LDL difference (d = after before) was found to be 0.08 mmol/L, with a standard deviation of 0.75 mmol/L. [Source: Is Heart Disease a Worry if I Use the Pill? (2016, June 10). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth- control/heart-disease-birth-control-pill] In conducting your test of significance at = 5%, the p-value would be A) 0.5438 B) 0.8577 C) 0.2846 D) 0.1423 E) 0.4562