Question $3$

$($a$)$ List the standard relations, which must be satisfied for the correct analysis of fluid flow in a ring main pipe network.

$(20\%)$

$($b$)$ Outline the issues associated with scale deposition and pipe corrosion in the design life of closed conduit systems.

$(10\%)$

$($c$)$ Two reservoirs $($A and B in Figure $1)9$ km apart have the difference between top water levels in the reservoirs is $11$ m $.$ The pipeline consists of $4\mathrm{.}5$ km of pipe with diameter $400$ mm followed by twin pipes of $200$ mm diameter over a distance of $4\mathrm{.}5$ km $,$ as shown in Figure $1.$

Figure $1($Not to scale$)$

Determine the steady discharge in the pipe system. Minor $($local$)$ losses may be ignored, and the Darcy$-$Weisbach friction factor may be taken as $0\mathrm{.}023$ for all pipes.

$(70\%)$