Question $3$: Which of these examples would specifically help me learn more about the consumers about their attitudes and opinions about beard oil? What type of research is this?

Do a Google search about how consumers think and feel about the product. This would be considered Google Research because it can tell you anything you need to know about your consumer base.

Create a survey that would be sent to a large sample that gives $10$ packaging ideas and those completing the survey would have to rate how they feel about the different packaging ideas. This would be considered Descriptive Research because it is ideal for quantifying the feelings, attitudes, or opinions of a specific population.

Place the product on a store shelf and interview a dozen consumers with the question: "What most influences you to buy a product?" This would be considered Exploratory Research because it focuses on gaining ideas or insights.

Place two of the same products on the store shelf with completely different logos and see which generates the most sales. This would be considered Casual Research because it focuses on discovering the cause$-$and$-$effect relationship between variables.