Question $4$:

$($a$)$ Explain one$-$dimensional consolidation behavior with particular reference to the

effective stress principle using the spring analogy model shown in Figure $3$ given

below.

$(5$ marks$)$

Figure $3$: Consolidation analogy model

$($b$)$ What type of tests and equipment do you recommend to determine the shear strength

parameters for loading shown in Figure $3$ for $($b$)?$ You may assume the spring in the

Figure $3$ represents a normally consolidated clay. Note that the valve is closed in $($b$)$

and open in $($d$).$ Also, draw typical shear strength envelope for the loading in $($b$).$

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