QUESTION $54$

System dynamics, uncertainty, the 'bullwhip' effect and the accellerator effect in supply chains, all highlight the importance of which of the following?

A$.$ Communication and information sharing in a supply chain

B$.$ The absence of cooperation may lead to less effective outcomes

C$.$ A small variation in one part of the supply chain can have a large effect upstream in the supply chain

OD$.$Allof the above

E$.$ None of the above