QUESTION $5$

$5\mathrm{.}1$ Without referring to a mathematical formula, explain what an engine's volumetric efficiency is$.$

$5\mathrm{.}2$ A four$-$stroke internal$-$combustion engine with a speed of $396\frac{r}{m}in$ and a swept volume of $0,014$ cubic metres produces the mean height of $2,1$ centimetres on the indicator diagram when the spring number is $300$ kilopascals per centimetre. Diesel with the calorific value of $45M\frac{J}{k}g$ is consumed at a rate of $0,15k\frac{g}{m}in.$ The engine's brake load and brake radius are $81$ kg and $0,671$ metres. Exhaust gases are expelled at a rate of $31,983k\frac{J}{s}.$ The cooling water at the rate of $0,187k\frac{g}{s}$ has inlet and outlet temperatures of $37,03C$ and $69,848C$ respectively. The cooling water has a specific heat capacity of $4,2k\frac{J}{k}g.K.$

Use the data to calculate the following:

$5\mathrm{.}2\mathrm{.}1$ The engine's indicated mean effective pressure in kPa and the indicated power in kW

$5\mathrm{.}2\mathrm{.}2$ The engine's torque in Nm and brake power in kW

$5\mathrm{.}2\mathrm{.}3$ The engine's power loss $($i$.$e$.$ power unaccounted for$)$ in kW and as a percentage of the input power

$[20]$