QUESTION 5 Study the information provided below and answer all questions that follow. The executive chairman of McNeilus Ltd., Mr Andrew McNeilus, suspects that the level of organisational commitment among the managers of the firm differs across levels of managerial hierarchy, namely junior-level management, middlelevel management, and top-level management. Sensing that this phenomenon could be potentially costly to the company in terms of employee turnover, he has requested an investigation to ascertain the validity of his suspicion. Accordingly, you have been tasked with the investigation into whether the level of organisational commitment differs across levels of managerial hierarchy. Table 5.1 is an excerpt of the data gathered during the most recent survey of organisational commitment. Of the 56 managers surveyed, 30 were junior-level managers, 20 where middle-level managers and 6 were top-level managers. The level of organisational commitment was measured at the interval level (out of 10 points).

Table 5.1: Excerpt of research data on level of organisational commitment and level of management Manager Ref# Level of management

Level of organisational commitment 0001 Middle 6 0002 Middle 7 0003 Junior 5 0004 Senior 8 0005 Junior 4 0006 Middle 5 0007 Junior 6 0008 Junior 4 0009 Junior 5 ... ... ... 0056 Middle 8

You conducted the data analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 and the output of the data analysis is depicted in Figure 5.1 to Figure 5.4, below.

Figure 5.1: Case Processing Summary

Management_level

Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Organisational_commitment_level Junior_manager 30 100.0% 0 0.0% 10 100.0% Middle_manager 20 100.0% 0 0.0% 10 100.0% Top_manager 6 100.0% 0 0.0% 10 100.0%

Figure 5.2: Descriptives

Organisational_commitment_level

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Junior_manager 30 4.7333 1.04826 .19138 4.3582 5.1084 3 7 Middle_manager 20 6.8500 1.03999 .23255 6.3942 7.3058 5 9 Top_manager 6 7.8333 .75277 .30732 7.2310 8.4356 7 9 Total 56 5.8214 1.57373 .21030 5.4092 6.2336 3 9

Figure 5.3: ANOVA

Organisational_commitment_level

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 80.964 2 40.482 38.834 .000 Within Groups 55.250 53 1.042 Total 136.214 55

Figure 5.4: Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: Organisational_commitment_level

Tukey HSD (I) Management_level (J) Management_level Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Junior_manager Middle_manager -2.1167* .95685 .000 -3.9921 -.2413 Top_manager -3.1000* 1.19071 .000 -5.4338 -.7662 Middle_manager Junior_manager 2.1167* .95685 .000 .2413 3.9921 Top_manager -.9833* 1.52170 .026 -3.9658 1.9992 Top_manager Junior_manager 3.1000* 1.19071 .000 .7662 5.4338 Middle_manager .9833* 1.52170 .026 -1.9992 3.9658

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

5.1 Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses for the investigation. (2 marks)

5.2 State any THREE (3) assumptions of parametric tests that you would consider before selecting a statistical test for the hypothesis formulated in 5.1, above. (3 marks)

5.3 Identify the TWO (2) statistical tests employed in the data analysis and explain whether they are appropriate for the research problem. (4 marks)

5.4 Provide a comprehensive interpretation of the output of the data analysis. (6 marks)

5.5 Assuming that no other statistical tests were run apart from the tests whose outputs are depicted in Figure 5.1 to Figure 5.4, discuss why the validity of the findings from the study are likely to be questioned?