Question: Based on the following null hypothesis, develop a proposal to test this hypothesis in a large urban school district.

H₀1: There will be no significant differences in high school teacher efficacy among mathematics, science, and English teachers.

Answers need to include:

1. Introduction
2. Participants and Setting: size, the type of sample, and the sampling procedures (e.g., convenience sampling, cluster sampling, etc.) must be explained. In other words, the sample selection procedures (who, what, when, where, how) need to be explained in enough detail for the study to be replicated. Include basic demographic information (number of participants, sample size, age, ethnicity, gender, etc.) described in narrative form. Since this is a proposal, plug in "place holders" (e.g., the sample consisted of 00 males and 00 females...). Quantitative literature citations must be provided for the adequate sample size (e.g. For this study, the number of participants required for an adequate sample size will be 66 students which according to Gall et al. (2007, p. 145) will the required minimum for a medium effect size with statistical power of .7 at the .05 alpha level). Next, discuss the setting (e.g., specific course, program, online/offline environment, semester-term, and/or treatment/control group testing location, etc.).Real names for people and schools should never be used.Use pseudonyms for descriptors when necessary (e.g. high school #1, biology lab # 2). The setting, especially the treatment setting needs to be described in sufficient details so that the study could be replicated. The setting is often intertwined with the description of the sample. After you have described the sample and setting, you need to identify and describe each group (e.g. treatment, control, etc.). Remember: correlational studies involve two or more variables and only "one group." Explain the groups' formations (e.g., random assignment, naturally occurring groups, etc.) and demographic information (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender, grade level, etc.) for each group. Since this is a proposal, plug in "place holders" (e.g., the treatment group consisted of 00 males and 00 females, etc.). Groups must be explained in enough detail for the study to be replicated.
3. Instrumentation: In the instrumentation section, the instrument(s) that are used to measure each variable need to be identified. The instruments may be tests, surveys, questionnaires, or other measurements. Only validated instruments may be used and it is not acceptable to propose to develop an instrument for the purposes of this study. A description of each instrument, its content, its appropriateness needs to be included. The exact procedures for the development for the instrument (i.e. studies to establish validity and reliability, as well as reliability statistics) must be cited. State other peer reviewed studies where the instrument was used.
4. Research Design: In the design section, the research design(s) is identified. The research design needs to be specific. For example, it is not sufficient to state that a quasi-experimental study will be conducted; instead, it is better to state that a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design will be conducted. Immediately after identifying the design, identify the independent and dependent variables and any covariates. In addition, give a rationale for why the design is most appropriate for the study.
5. Procedures: The procedure section is similar to a "cookbook."It should contain enough detail that a reasonable person can read your procedure and conduct your study and produce the same results.This includes but is not limited to information about securing IRB approval, eliciting participants for the study, conducting a pilot study, training individuals to implement treatment, administration of the procedures, gathering the data, and recording procedures.
6. Analysis: In the data analysis section, the type of each statistical analysis technique(s) must be identified (t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, etc.). A concise rationale for the type of statistical analysis must also be provided. The rationale needs to be supported via the textbook. The chosen statistical procedures must be consistent with the research questions, hypotheses, and type of data collected (in other words, why is the chosen analysis the most appropriate choice to test the hypothesis?). For each identified statistical analysis technique ALL assumption tests and how they will be tested must be addressed. For example: "Assumption testing included examining Levene's test for homogeneity of variances, creating scatterplots to test for linearity, etc..." The alpha level for each statistical analysis technique must also be stated. Lastly, the effect size and the convention used to report it should be explained. Example: Eta square interpreted based on Cohen's d.
7. References