Question: How do the principles of reactor scale$-$up aid in transitioning laboratory$-$scale processes to commercial production in chemical engineering?

a$)$ By maintaining optimal reaction conditions through reactor geometry and design.

b$)$ By considering factors like mixing, heat transfer, and mass transfer in reactor systems.

c$)$ By applying knowledge of geological processes for applications like carbon capture and geothermal energy.

d$)$ By addressing challenges related to reactor kinetics and fluid dynamics for sustainable production.