QUESTION ONE $[26$ points$]$

Structural engineering design utilizes a number of simple structural elements to build complex

structural systems.

a$.$ Differentiate between 'structural elements' and 'structural systems'.

b$.$ List four basic structural elements; and outline their functions in structural systems.

c$.$ Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the following basic types of structures used in the

construction of structural systems:

i$.$ Trusses;

ii$.$ Frames;

iii. Cables and Arches; and

iv$.$ Surface Structures

QUESTION TWO $[14$ points$]$

In designing a structure, an engineer must consider all the loads that can realistically be expected

to act on the structure during its planned life span.

a$.$ Distinguish between the two main classes of loads that act on common civil

engineering structures.

b$.$ Provide a discussion on the various categories of live loads that a structure may have

to withstand.