QUESTION THREE [20]

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:

Projects create unique outputs, work with diverse stakeholders, are represented by team members from various functions and frequently operate in a matrix environment. These factors, along with scope, time and cost constraints, contribute to potential conflicts. Many project management planning tools exist to reduce destructive aspects of conflict, at least partly. In dealing with task-related conflicts, project charters are meant to help the project core team, project manager and sponsor understand many aspects of the project as a high level and head off potential conflict between individuals. Stakeholder analysis and communications planning can identify needs and desires of others who will be impacted by either the process of performing the project or a deliverable of the project. More detailed planning tools such as the WBS, schedule and budget help to identify other conflict sources. Some conflicts on projects are useful; other conflicts can be destructive. In general, conflict occurs due to incompatible goals and differences in thoughts and emotions among the team members. It is a common experience with any team that to interpret facts and events differently. Adapted from Kloppenborg TJ, Anantatmula V and Wells KN (2019) Contemporary Project Management 4 th edition Cengage 3

Question:

3.1 Explain what is meant by the notion that some conflicts on projects are useful... (5)

3.2 Discuss the strategies a project manager can employ to discourage or minimise destructive conflict in a project management environment. (15)

QUESTION FOUR [20]

Ethical behaviour is necessary within a project organisation and is crucial in project business relationships with the customer, suppliers and subcontractors. Customers and suppliers want to do business with a project organisation that they can trust. Throughout any project, situations may arise that can provide an opportunity for unethical behaviour.

With regard to the above statements:

4.1 Provide five examples of unethical behaviour in a project context. (5)

4.2 Discuss the ways in which project managers can promote ethical behaviour. (15)