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Hwan is a well$-$known Grammy$-$winning artist who is known for engaging in a series of philanthropic ventures in addition to his music career. Hwan found himself in the headline of a large New York City newspaper article stating, "Hwan bails on $9/11$ benefit concert." The article went on to state that he was a no$-$show at the charity event which was organized to benefit his own foundation $($The Funds to Victims Group$)$ and the foundation had bounced a check to the venue. It went on to read that "the group claims to provide support to $9/11$ victims, but doesn't provide any actual support and is under investigation by the state." Hwan filed suit against the newspaper for defamation, claiming that the article inappropriately: $1)$ attributed ownership of the foundation to him and $2)$ claimed that he had bounced a check. Hwan went on to further claim that he had no ties with the foundation and had never guaranteed performance at the event. Is the newspaper liable for defamation?

a$.$ No$,$ unless the statements were false and made with actual malice.

b$.$ Yes, unless Hwan proves that the statements are false.

c$.$ Yes, because the statements in the article were untrue.

d$.$ No$,$ because there were no damages to Hwan.