Read the article Changes in Medical Errors after Implementation of a Handoff Program linked and answer the questions that follow.

Link: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1405556

Article Reference Starmer et al. (2014).Changes in Medical Errors after Implementation of a Handoff Program.New England Jornal of Medicine, 371(19), 1803-1812. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1405556

Questions:

1. What study design was used? Explain.
2. Was it cross-sectional or longitudinal? Explain.
3. What was the hypothesis?
4. The independent variable was the intervention. What were the dependent (outcome) variables?
5. In the "Study Outcomes" section, a measurement is described as follows: "Two physician investigators classified each suspected incident as an adverse event, a near miss or error with little potential for harm, or an exclusion." Is this level of measurement nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?
6. Did the intervention have any impact on the outcome variables measured? Describe the outcome.
7. In the fourth from the last paragraph (starting with "although the implementation...") a study limitation is discussed. What type of validity is threatened here-- Internal or External? Why?
8. In the next paragraph (starting with "our intervention...") another study limitation is discussed. What type of validity is threatened here-- Internal or External? Why?