Read the below passage:

Dan Cobley:So I work in marketing which I love, but my first passion was physics. A passion brought to me by a wonderful school teacher, when I had a little less gray hair.[A picture of Cobley's class with arrows pointing to both him and his teacher is shown on screen.]So, he taught me that physics is cool because it teaches us so much about the world around us, and I'm going to spend the next few minutes trying to convince you that physics can teach us something about marketing.

So, quick show of hands, who studied some marketing at university?[About 15 hands in the audience go up.]Who studied some physics at university?[Pretty good, and at school?Good, lots of you. So hopefully this will bring you some happy or possibly some slight disturbing memories.

Physics and marketing. We'll start with something very simple, Newton's law, the force equals mass times acceleration. This is something that perhaps Turkish Airlines should have studied a bit more carefully before they ran this campaign. But if we rearrange this formula quickly,[the formula rearranges to a=f/m]we can get to acceleration equals force over mass which means that for a larger particle, a larger mass, it requires more force to change its direction.

It's the same with brands: the more massive a brand, the more baggage it has, the more force is needed to change its positioning. And that's one of the reasons why Arthur Andersen chose to launch Accenture rather than try to persuade the world that Andersen's could stand for something other than accountancy.It explains why Hoover found it very difficult to persuade the world that it was more than vacuum cleaners[a page of "Hoover Helps" is shown]; and why companies like Unilever and P&G keep brands separate, like Ariel and Pringles and Dove rather than having one giant parent brand.So the physics is that the bigger the mass of the object, the more force that is needed to change its direction. The marketing is, the bigger a brand, the more difficult it is to reposition it. Think about a portfolio brand or maybe new brands for new ventures.

Now, who remembers Heisenberg's uncertainty principle?Getting a little more technical now. This says that it's impossible by definition to measure exactly the state, i.e. the position, and the momentum of a particle, because the act of measuring it, by definition, changes it. So to explain that, if you've got an elementary particle and you shine a light on it, then the photon of light has momentum, which knocks the particle, so you don't know where it was before you looked at it. By measuring it, the act of measurement changes it. The act of observation changes it. It's the same in marketing. So with the act of observing consumers, changes their behavior.

Think about the group of moms who are talking about their wonderful children in a focus group, and almost none of them buy lots of junk food. And yet, McDonald's sells hundreds of millions of burgers every year. Think about the people who are on accompanied shops in supermarkets, who stuff their trolleys full of fresh green vegetables and fruit, but don't shop like that any other day. And if you think about the number of people who claim in surveys to regularly look for porn on the web, it's very few. Yet, at Google, we know it's the number one searched for category. So luckily, the science, no, sorry, the marketing is getting easier. Luckily, with now better point-of-sale tracking, more digital media consumption, you can measure more what consumers actually do, rather than what they say they do.

So the physics is, you can never accurately and exactly measure a particle, because the observation changes it. The message for marketing is, try to measure what consumers actually do, rather than what they say they'll do or anticipate they'll do.

So next, the scientific method, an axiom of physics, of all science, says you cannot prove a hypothesis through observation, you can only disprove it. What this means is you can gather more and more data around a hypothesis or a positioning, and it will strengthen it, but it will not conclusively prove it. And only one contrary data point can blow your theory out of the water. So if we take an example, Ptolemy had dozens of data points to support his theory that the planets would rotate around the Earth.It only took one robust observation from Copernicus to blow that idea out of the water.[the camera goes back to Cobley]And there are parallels for marketing, you can invest for a long time in a brand, but a single contrary observation, that positioning, will destroy consumers' belief.

Take BP, they spent millions of pounds over many years building up its credentials as an environmentally friendly brand, but then one little accident. Think about Toyota. It was, for a long time, revered as the most reliable of cars, and then they had the big recall incident. And Tiger Woods, for a long time, the perfect brand ambassador. Well, you know the story. So, the physics is that you cannot prove a hypothesis, but it's easy to disprove it, any hypothesis is shaky. And the marketing is that no matter how much you've invested in your brand, one bad week can undermine decades of good work. So be really careful to try and avoid the screw-ups that can undermine your brand.

And lastly, to the slightly obscure world of entropy, the second law of thermodynamics. This says that entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, will always increase. The same is true of marketing. If we go back 20 years, the one message pretty much controlled by one marketing manager could pretty much define a brand. But where we are today, things have changed. You can get a strong brand image or a message and put it out there like the Conservative Party did earlier this year with their election poster. But then you lose control of it.

With the kind of digital comment creation and distribution tools that are available now to every consumer, it's impossible to control where it goes. Your brand starts being dispersed, it gets more chaotic. It's out of your control. I actually saw him speak, he did a good job. But while this may be unsettling for marketers, it's actually a good thing. This distribution of brand energy gets your brand closer to the people, more in with the people. It makes this distribution of energy a democratizing force which is ultimately good for your brand. So, the lesson from physics is that entropy will always increase; it's a fundamental law. The message for marketing is that your brand is more dispersed. You can't fight it, so embrace it and find a way to work with it.

Also read:

he VP of Marketing and Sales of Roman Meal Bread kept pounding away at the marketing and sales staff: "We spent millions of dollars developing this product. We need a marketing and sales team that can sell it!" Kevin, the Brand Manager, muttered under his breath: "The only problem is, nobody wants it! It's a me-too product. A copy of the market leader sold a little bit cheaper. There are already 3 other brands out there that already offer this product. I wish we would take the time to figure out what our customers really need and come up with a product that provides real solutions to their problems, rather than just always reacting to the competition." He remembered back to his college days, when his marketing professor suggested a periodic scanning of the six marketing environments to identify opportunities and threats before they happen. He decided for the coming planning cycle to take the initiative and use environmental scanning to come up with new product ideas that might fill a real need in the marketplace. Since his company had built a reputation among loyal customers as a nutritious brand, he contacted the company's nutritionist and asked for all the latest research on the benefits of various grains and ingredients. He also began reviewing all the FDA guidelines on what health and nutrition claims could and could not be made. He noted that the aging of America, with Baby Boomers nearing their 50's that more and more would be concerned about prolonging their life, and might take seriously any product that might be able to help reduce their health risks. He also decided that no matter what products they would develop for next year, they would be at least somewhat different from anything the competition had to offer. By the time the new marketing plan presentation rolled around, he had come up with three possible new products. Each of the three products centered on important health and nutrition research regarding the benefits of specific bread ingredients. Now all the products needed was some consumer research to show which concepts resonated most with their target consumers. He was excited. He was finally following the marketing concept - dedication to understanding and fulfilling consumer needs through the creation of value - in this case, products that could contribute significantly to the health ofRoman Meal Bread consumers.

Answer the following questions

Determine a trend or issue in at least three marketing macro-environments that might affect the Roman Meal brand.

You might also come up with other possible macro-environment issues that could affect the bread business.

1. Discuss how each of the three trends or issues might be an opportunity or a threat to the Roman Meal brand.
2. Each of your explanations should contain at least three sentences.