read the biochemistry case study and answer all 5 questions please!

Section Date. Biochemistry Case Study Case Study Act 1 - Trouble at Mile High Stadium Gino had hemoglobin on the mind. As an undergraduate in his junior year who hoped to go to medical school. Gino's day job sthadowing emergency room physician Dr, Rose Smith was otherwise going weil. But the routine patient visits were interrupted when he saw a large crowd gathered just outside in the hospital fobby. Most had fowers, but some, strangely; were caryying footbalis and wearing jerseys. 'Dr. Smith, what's that all about?' Gino pointed to the noisy crowd 'Oh that yes, we have a potient up on three recovering from a sickbe cell attack.: "But why so many people?" asked Gino. "And why do some have footballs? is it a child or something?" No, actuaily he's an NFL star. plays defensive end. Most of those people are just lans. He played a game last night here in Denver at the new Mile High Stadium. The combination of vigorous exercise from sprinting all over a 100-yard field and the fact that the game was here in Denver triggered a sickle cell crisis. He'll probably never play in Denver aqain." "He has sickle cell anemia and plays in the NFL??l" "Actually, he has sickle cell trait, meaning he is heterozygous for the sickle cell allele, HbS Some people with sicke cell trait can be top athletes. But; the right conditions can still bring about a crisis. 'What does playing in Derver, Colorado have to do with sickle cell? "Oh Gino you really need to go back and review your stulf on hemoglobin again.. this is all straght out of undergraduate biochemistry!" Sicklecell disease Sickle cell disease is a hereditary human condition resulting from a genetic polymorphism in the hemoglobin gene for the chain. The sickle cell allele expresses an altered protein, hemoglobin S, or HbS, which differs from wid-type hemog'obin by a single amino acid. What makes sickle cesl anemia dangerous is that HbS, or more precisoly a specific conformation of HbS, can aggregate into insoluble fibers, especially in the T State. These fibers give some erythrocytes a sickle-like appearance and may cause cells to lyse, resulting in anemia. The abnoumally. shaped erythrocytes can also block capillaries, which can cause severe pain and interfere with organ function As you know, Dr. Smath mentions that the combination of vigorous exercise, as weil as the location of the game at Mile High Stadium in Denver. Colorado, are what led to the NFL player's sickle cell crisis and his admission to the hospital. First, consider what physiological changes vigorous exercise cause within the body. At the beginning of the game, the NFL player was most likely taking easy. deep breaths and O2 was readily avalable. Under these circumstances, his body oxidizes organic fuels, such as glucose, and captures chemical energy in the form of ATP. This process, called cellular respiration, is the predominant method of energy generation during aerobic exercise CeH12O2+6O26CO2+6H2O+energy As you can see, aerobic metabolism consumes O2 and produces CO2.CO2 is converted to carbonic acid by carbonic antydraso, which forms the bicarbonate butfer system. As the game continues, the NFL player's breathing becomes more labored. His continued demand for energy surpasses the energy available from cellular respiration at his current rate of O2 inhalation. With his muscles working at capacity with the O2 available, but stil requining more energy, they turn to lactic acid fermentation, or anaerobio metabolism, to make up the difference. His muscle cells oxidize additional glucose to pyruvate, and the pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid, which captures a small amount of energy in the form of ATP. Lactic acid, a5 its name implies, is a weak acid capable of dissoclating in solution. Q1. Which method(s) of energy production contribute(s) to a decrease in pH ? a. aerobic metabolism b. anaerobic metabolism c. both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism d. neither aerobic nor anaerobic metabolism The NFL player's vigorous exereise produced significant physiological changes within his body that aitered his blood pH and hemoglobin structure. However, Dr. Smith also mentioned another factor at play: the location of the game. As its name implies, playing at Mile High Stadum in Denver, Colorado is different from playing at other stadiums for one important reason: its elevation is considerably higher Since less O2 is available at higher elevations, O2 concentrations within the body will be lower than normal-even at rest! The O2 deficit eaused by the NFL player's vigorous exercise further exacerbated an already present physiological deviation from "normal." Q2. Will the following increase or decrease during vigorous exereise. 1. Q2 concentration 2. CO2 concentration 3. pH Q3. Which enzyme facilitates a decrease in blood pH under respiration. Q4. What specific physiological conditions did the NFL player experience that favored the aggregation of HbS? Q5. Additionally, what structural conformation of HbS was responsible for his crisis, the T state or the R state