Read the case study below and answer ALL the questions that follow.

Traditionally, the definition of family businesses $($FBs$)$ involves one or more members of a family wielding considerable

control over the company, due to their significant percentage of ownership $($capital$)($Allouche & Amann, $2000).$ For Tagiuri

and Davis $(1996$:$203),$ maintaining FBs relies on three pillars: management, family and ownership. According to these

authors, "there are two or more extended family members who influence the direction of the business through the exercise

of kinship ties, management roles, or ownership rights". Meanwhile, Chua, Chrisman and Sharma $(1999)$ define a FB as one

that is managed on the basis of handing down the firm from generation to generation in order to obtain a formal or implicit

vision of the business as the property of a single family or a small number of families.

Globally, FBs constitute the predominant form of ownership in current markets $($e$.$g$.,$ Carney, Van Essen, Gedajlovic, &

Heugens, $2015)$ and findings gleaned from publicly listed firms may not apply to the ubiquitous, but less frequently studied,

privately held family firm $($PFF$).$ There is a theoretical notion that family involvement has an effect on the factors of

production from a productivity standpoint. In a recent study, Alves and Gama $(2020)$ reported that family labour output

contributions are significantly higher, and family capital output contributions lower.

Motivated by the lack of consensus in the extant literature, Mr Ken Bisseker, an organisational researcher with a keen

interest in the family businesses wants to investigate the impact of family business ownership structure on employee

productivity in the construction sector in the Gauteng Province. The overarching objective of Mr Bisseker's study is to

determine whether there are significant differences in employee productivity across four types of family business ownership

in the construction sector in the Gauteng Province.

Using a validated and reliable instrument, Mr Bisseker has measured the productivity of $120$ employees working at a

number of family$-$owned construction firms. The ownership structures of construction firms involved in the study ranged

from sole proprietorships, partnerships, cooperatives and public company $($corporations$).$ Of the $120$ employees surveyed,

$30$ are employed at sole proprietorships, partnerships, cooperatives and public companies $($corporations$)$ respectively $($see

Table $3\mathrm{.}1,$ below$).$